国家如何管理社会组织的秩序风险?——基于七个国家的比较

How Do Governments Manage the Risk from Non-Governmental Organizations? A Comparative Study of Seven Countries

风险管理是国家监管社会组织的重要面向,本文对美、英、德、法、俄、日、印7个国家管理社会组织风险的制度体系进行了系统梳理,并结合各国的历史和管理实践,分析比较了制度背后所体现的风险管理目标、管理思路和手段。将社会组织潜在风险区分为组织及行业无序运作风险、社会内部冲突风险、社会与国家的冲突风险以及外国势力干预风险四种类型,国际比较结果表明:不同国家在管理的对象和风险类型上各有侧重;政府管理社会组织风险的总体思路存在“平衡”与“控制”、“行为管理”与“组织管理”、“社会性监管”与“行政性监管”之间不同的侧重;而在秩序风险的具体管理手段上却有很多共通之处。文章最后探讨了对国际比较之异同的理解和对我国管理实践的启示。

Risk management provides a useful discourse and perspective to review the governments’ effort to regulate non-governmental organizations(NGOs). Seven countries(United States, Britain, Germany, France, Russia, Japan and India) are selected to compare and understand their management system towards the risks posed by NGOs. Institutional analysis, history analysis and management practice review are used to compare the targeted risk types, management ideologies and tactics across countries. Four risk categories are summarized, namely operational risk within the NGOs sector, conflict risk between social actors, conflict risk between social actors and the state, and risk of foreign intervention, and the comparison shows different countries have different concerns;governments’ management ideologies are differentiated by their choices between “balance” or “control”, “behavior management”or “organizational management”, and “social-oriented regulation” or “administrativeoriented regulation”;much in common has been found between countries in terms of management tactics. Finally, this article discussed the reasons behind differences across the countries and the implications for China’s management practice.