国家在场的身体知识:民国时期武术近代化的身体谱系

Physical Knowledge of State Presence:Body Genealogy of Wushu Modernization during the Republic of China

对民国武术史料进行谱系学研究后发现:社会精英一方面以强国强种话语将国民身体与国家身体相关联,既利用“女子习武”拓展国人的身体赋权范围而促进国家文明进步,也对“童子军身体”进行深度征用而隐喻国家的新生力量;另一方面,他们以“病夫”话语将中西作比较,既对武术进行教育化新探索,也开启竞技化新征程,并交汇于“土洋之争”及其背后所彰显的国族身份话语和权力意识的塑造。总之,在近代武术身体知识的国家性话语中,于民族国家话语权的场域下,武术以其所兼具的“切身性”和“民族性”而成为振兴民族、铸造共同体意识的工具,国民身体在知识与权力的运作下也将国家共同体的“想象性”作肉身化体现。但因其矛盾的“古今中外”认识,致使他们既以传统为傲也以西方体育为憧憬,及其近代武术既以西学为师也以其为对手的发展之样。

A genealogical study of the historical materials on Wushu in the Republic of China reveals that,on the one hand,the social elites associated peoples body with the national body through the discourse of building a strong nation and a strong race,thus promoting the progress of national civilization by expanding the scope of the national body’s empowerment through"women’s participation in Wushu practice",and alluding to the new forces of the nation through the in-depth expropriation of the"boy scout body".On the other hand,they used the discourse of"sick man"in comparing the East and the West to serve the purposes of making educational exploration of Wushu and starting a new journey of athleticization,thereby shaping the discourse of national identity and power consciousness against the backdrop of indigenous-foreign sports controversy.In short,in the modern field of nation-state discourse,the"tangibility"and"nationality"of Wushu made it become the most useful tool in rejuvenating the nation and forging a sense of shared state community.As a result,people’s body became the very embodiment of imaginary shared state community.However,its controversial stance in priding its tradition and looking upon to the Western sports put it in a dilemma of learning from the West while competing against the West.