异质性规制影响了FDI的环境效应吗?

Does Heterogeneous Environmental Regulations Affect Environmental Effects of FDI?

加入WTO以来,外商直接投资成为推动中国经济高速增长的重要引擎,但也不可避免地带来了环境问题。学术界对于“污染避难所”效应还是“污染光环”效应没有形成一致结论。在Copeland与Taylor模型的基础上,纳入环境规制的制度约束,从理论上分析了FDI对环境质量的影响,讨论了环境规制的调节作用和邻地转移机制。实证研究方面,以2005~2015年中国30个省份(数据不包括西藏自治区和港澳台地区)的面板数据为样本,运用工具变量法处理内生性问题,从污染排放和能源消耗两个方面,实证检验了FDI的环境效应以及环境规制的调节转移作用,结果发现:全国范围内,FDI有利于降低污染排放,尤其是固定废弃物,但没有产生节约能耗的效果;命令控制型环境规制能够放大FDI的“污染光环”效应,而且会发生污染转移效应,市场激励型环境规制的影响不显著;随着规制内容和执行的优化,两类规制的作用效果均有所改善;区域异质性检验显示,环境规制在东部和中部地区的调节作用与总体较为一致,西部地区不明显。

Since the WTO entry,foreign direct investment has become an important engine for the economic growth of China,but it also brings about environmental problems inevitably.There are still no consistent conclusions regarding the existence of the Pollution Haven effect or Pollution Halo effect in the academic world.Based on the model of Copeland and Taylor(1994),this paper considers the institutional constraint of environmental regulation to theoretically analyze the impact of FDI on the environmental quality,the moderating effect of environmental regulation and the transfer mechanism to neighboring regions.The panel data of 30 provinces of China during 2005-2015 are selected as empirical research samples,and the method using instrumental variables is applied to solve the endogenous problems.This paper empirically tests the environmental effects of FDI and the moderating and transfer mechanism of environmental regulations from the perspective of energy consumption and pollution emissions.Empirical results reveal that FDI can help reduce pollution emissions,especially the solid waste,but cannot contribute to saving energy on a national scale.Command-and-control environmental regulation is able to enlarge the Pollution Halo effect of FDI;The pollution will transfer to neighboring regions;The impact of the market-based incentive environmental regulation is not significant.With the optimization of regulation contents and execution,the moderating effects of the two environmental regulations tend to improve.Regional heterogeneity tests demonstrate that the moderating effects of environmental regulation in the eastern and middle regions of China are consistent with the national results,and the effect in the western region is not significant.