大型水库灌区的建设管理与可持续发展——漳河工程及灌区变迁案例研究

Construction Management and Sustainable Development of Large Reservoir Irrigation Districts——A Case Study of Zhanghe River Project and Transformation of Irrigation District

本文通过收集、整理和解剖湖北省漳河工程建设管理及漳河灌区百年变迁的典型案例,讨论水资源、治水方式和能力与区域农业生产方式和水平之间的互动关系,研究集体化、市场化、生态化条件下大型水库灌区工程建设管理与可持续发展的经验和问题。研究发现:水资源、土地耕作方式、村社组织和社会结构、治水方式及配置能力相互影响和依存;治水方式和能力是国家实力、乡村组织和农民响应力的综合反映,集体化更利于水利化;大型水库灌区工程有效管理及可持续对集体行动有强依赖性,中国集体化早于水利化,“两化”价值取向都是农业现代化;维持良好的治水方式和能力,关系灌区人民群众生产生活水平和生命财产安全,以及国家农业现代化和粮食安全战略,须臾不能放松;大型灌区工程可持续效益的追求,急需创新专管与群管相结合的体制机制,建立健全抢修、大修和岁修制度,探索市场与计划配置相结合、水资源环境和生产生活生态用水动态平衡的用水制度。

This paper collects, collates and dissects typical cases of construction management of the Zhanghe River project in Hubei Province and the hundred-year change of the Zhanghe River irrigation area. This paper discusses the interaction between water resources, water management methods and capacity, and regional agricultural production methods and levels, and studies the experience and problems of construction management, and sustainable development of large reservoir irrigation areas under the conditions of collectivization, marketization and ecology. It concludes that, firstly, water resources, land cultivation methods, village and community organization and social structure, water management methods and allocation capacity are mutually influential and dependent;secondly, water management methods and capacity are a comprehensive reflection of national strength, village organization and farmers’ responsiveness, and collectivization is more conducive to water construction;thirdly, effective management and sustainability of large reservoir irrigation projects are strongly dependent on collective actions, which in China precedes water construction, both reflecting agricultural modernization;fourthly, maintaining good water management and capacity is related to the production and living standards of the people in the irrigation area and the safety of life and property, as well as national agricultural modernization and food security strategy, which must not be neglected or weakened;last but not least, establishing an innovative institutional mechanism combining dedicated management and group management. In addition, building up a sound system of emergency repair, overhaul and annual repair, and exploring a water system that combines market and planned allocation and a dynamic balance of water resources, environment and ecological water for production and life, are all vital to the pursuit of sustainable benefits of large irrigation projects.