没收洗钱罪违法所得之困境检视与思路新解

New Antidote for the Trouble of Confiscating Illegal Gains from Money-Laundering

没收洗钱罪违法所得在我国司法实践中仍难改“重上游犯罪,轻下游犯罪”的惯性思维,主要存在不区分犯罪所得来源、总分则条文适用不清与对合法投资收益的没收缺乏说明三个问题,而且这三个问题之间存在递进的因果关系。洗钱罪具有独立的不法内涵,其违法所得区别于上游犯罪的违法所得。《刑法》第191条的没收规定与第64条系全异关系,没收上游犯罪违法所得应适用第191条的规定,没收洗钱罪违法所得应适用第64条的规定。现有学说未能提供没收合法投资收益的合理方案,应采纳不法关联说,考察是否存在介入因素并切断财物与不法行为之间的关联。此方案可进一步作为没收违法所得的一般方案予以适用。

In China’s judicial practice, it is still difficult to change the inertia of "emphasizing the predicate crimes and underestimating the downstream crimes", and there are mainly three problems of not distinguishing the sources of proceeds of crime, unclear application of the general and sub-rule and lack of explanation for the confiscation of income from legitimate investment. The crime of money laundering has an independent wrongful connotation, and its illegal proceeds are distinguished from the illegal proceeds of the predicate crime. The confiscation provision of Article 191 of the Criminal Law is in an all-or-nothing relationship with Article 64, and the confiscation of the illegal proceeds of predicate crimes should be governed by Article 191,while the confiscation of the illegal proceeds of money laundering crimes should be governed by Article 64.The existing doctrine does not provide a reasonable solution to confiscate the proceeds of legal investment, and should adopt the wrongful association theory to examine whether there is an intervening factor which cuts off the connection between the property and the wrongful act. This scheme can be further applied as a general scheme for confiscation of illegal proceeds.