旅游与生态共生演进模式与生态安全判定——以国家重点生态功能区安徽省黄山区为例

The Evolution Model of the Tourism-Ecology Symbiosis and the Determination of Ecological Security——A Case Study of Huangshan District, Anhui Province, A Key Ecological Functional Zone of China

旅游与生态的协调共生是实现“人与自然和谐共生”的重要方面,也是国家生态文明建设背景下保障旅游生态安全的基本要求。文章基于共生理论构建了旅游与生态共生研究理论框架,并引入Lotka-Volterra模型判定旅游与生态的共生模式,结合共生度与回归分析对旅游生态安全状态进行综合判定,对国家重点生态功能区安徽省黄山区进行2005—2019年的历时性实证研究。结论如下:(1)黄山区旅游业发展质量水平呈现V形曲线演变状态,生态水平呈现倒U形曲线演变状态,资源与环境容量水平呈现卧S形曲线演变状态;(2)黄山区旅游与生态共生模式呈现旅游寄生转互利、生态寄生、旅游寄生转互害的演进状态;(3)黄山区旅游生态安全整体呈现转险为安、波动预警、逐渐下降的状态,人均耕地面积、环境保护政府支出与自然保护区面积占比是影响黄山区旅游生态安全的主要因素。研究以期为促进黄山区旅游与生态互利共生、优化旅游生态安全状态提供建议。

Tourism is considered to be an important carrier in practicing the concept that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets. However, like many other industries, the relationship between tourism and ecology follows the law of the unity and conflict of opposites. The coordinated symbiosis of tourism and ecology plays a key role in realizing harmonious coexistence between human and nature. It is also a basic requirement to ensure tourism ecological security in China’s efforts to build eco-civilization.The tourism ecological security level depends on the relationship between tourism and ecology.Firstly, based on the symbiosis theory, the study developed a theoretical framework for tourism-ecology symbiosis. In this paper, tourism and ecology are regarded as two symbiotic units in the tourist destination that coexist and influence each other, and equally share the nature, social space, and resources there.There are positive and negative interactions between the two. Internally, the cooperation and competition mechanisms constitute a symbiotic interface. Externally, nature, social space, and resources formed a symbiotic environment. In addition, this paper creates a tourism-ecology symbiosis evaluation index system from three aspects—Tourism development quality, resources and environmental carrying capacity,and ecological level. Then, the paper introduces the Lotka-Volterra model to determine the type of tourism-ecology symbiosis. Finally, the tourism ecological security is determined through regression analysis while taking into consideration the symbiosis degree. With a case study of Huangshan district,Anhui province, a national key ecological functional zone, this paper conducts a diachronic empirical analysis using the data from 2005 to 2019. The conclusions are as follows:(1) A V-curve was found in the tourism development of Huangshan;An inverted-U shape was observed regarding the ecological level;The resources and environmental carrying capacity resembled a horizontal S shape;(2) The tourism-ecology symbiosis in the district featured such three stages as tourism parasitism to mutual benefit, ecological parasitism, and tourism parasitism to mutual harm;(3) The overall tourism ecological security in Huangshan experienced three periods: Improvement and getting out from a risky situation,early warning to fluctuations, and then a gradual decrease. The area of arable land per capita, government expenditure on environmental protection, and the proportion of nature reserves are the main factors affecting the tourism ecological security in Huangshan.The theoretical contribution of this paper is the quantitative measurement of the pattern and degree of symbiosis between tourism and ecology based on the symbiotic perspective. In doing so, the pros and cons of tourism-ecology symbiosis are quantified, which offers new ideas for determining tourism ecological security status. Furthermore, this paper is of guiding value, providing suggestions for promoting the mutually beneficial symbiosis of tourism and ecology in Huangshan and optimizing the tourism ecological security:(1) The two symbiotic units, namely, tourism and ecology, should be enhanced to ensure their steady and sound development;(2) Efforts should be made to increase the carrying capacity of the symbiotic environment to reduce the competition between tourism and ecology;(3) The symbiotic interface for cooperation should be strengthened to achieve mutual benefit and coexistence of tourism and ecology.