《清平乐·六盘山》为何被误读

Why Was Mao Zedong’s “Qingpingyue·Liupanshan” Misunderstood?

对毛泽东的《清平乐·六盘山》词我们难以避免地会发生误读。它完全是毛泽东组合长征途中所得的现实素材,以浪漫主义手法,运用形象思维与诗意想象重构的一组诗意画,属于一种巧妙的虚构,其描写的景象在现场根本不存在。毛泽东是以胜利者的姿态来描写红军越过长征路上最后一座高山,将要到达陕北革命根据地时的意气风发之态,现实目的是鼓舞士气,以在新的革命根据地奋发图强,最后战胜强敌。诗与现实是紧密相关的,《六盘山》就是运用形象思维描写六盘山。但诗又有巨大的想象空间,故《六盘山》同时超越了六盘山,其主题是把对万里长征的回顾和对中国革命前途的展望巧妙地结合起来。这种巧妙在于,它把过山当日西风冷雨的天空描绘成“天高云淡”,它舍去后有追兵、前有阻敌而只道“望断南飞雁”。它用“红旗漫卷西风”取代长时间食难饱腹、衣难遮体的红军将士的顽强斗志;它把武器称为长缨,把蒋介石隐喻为苍龙,希望有朝一日能将它缚住。

We will inevitably misread Mao Zedong’s Ci poem“Qingpingyue·Liupanshan”. It is completely a poetic painting of the realistic materials obtained by Mao Zedong during the Long March. It is mixed with romanticism, image thinking and poetic imagination and belongs to a kind of ingenious fiction, the scene described not existing at the scene. Mao Zedong described the Red Army’s high spirit state when it crossed the last mountain on the Long March and was about to reach the revolutionary base in northern Shaanxi with the attitude of a winner. The realistic purpose was to inspire the morale, so as to work hard in the new revolutionary base and finally defeat the strong enemy. Poetry and reality are closely related, and the Ci describes Liupanshan with image thinking. But the poem also has huge imagination space, so it transcends Liupanshan at the same time. Its theme is to skillfully combine the review of the Long March with the prospect of the future of China’s revolution. This ingenuity lies in that it depicts the sky with west wind and cold rain on the day of crossing the mountain as“the sky is high and the clouds are clear”. It gives up the pursuit of troops behind and the resistance of enemies in front, but only“looks at the flying geese in the south”. It replaces the tenacious fighting spirit of the Red Army officers and men who have been unable to eat and dress for a long time with the“red flag sweeping the west wind”. It referred to weapons as growth tassels and Chiang Kai shek as a black dragon, hoping to bind him one day.