政治视角与钱穆的清代学术思想史研究

The Political Perspective and Qian Mu’s Studies on the History of Academic Thought in Qing Dynasty

钱穆以宋学为坐标和价值尺度,评判和衡论清学。但我们往往从现代西方意义上的纯学术角度来定义宋学和清学,误认为是从学术自身来论。实则在钱穆所谓的“宋学”中,政治居其半,本身已包含了从政治角度衡论清代学术思想的视角。钱穆认为“每转益进”是中国学术演进的正常法则,但清代学术思想却是“每转益退”。新发现的钱穆《论清儒》三个版本的文字异同,为此论断增添了确证。就清代学术思想研究中的政治视角而言,钱穆比章太炎更激进,使其成为从宋学论清学的内在组成部分,完成了学理上的建构,这就是宋学中极为重视的《春秋》夷夏之辨。

Qian Mu’s studies of academic thought in the Qing Dynasty was to judge and review Qing Xue with Song Xue as the coordinate and value scale. However, we often define Song Xue and Qing Xue from a purely academic viewpoint in the modern western sense, mistaking them for academic perspectives. In fact, in Qian Mu’s so-called “Song Xue”, politics accounts for a half, which already contains the perspective of reviewing the academic thought of Qing Dynasty from a political point of view. “Every turn is beneficial to progress” was the rule of the normal evolution of Chinese academics,but the academic thought in Qing Dynasty was “every turn is detrimental to progress”. The newly discovered similarities and differences between the three versions of Qian Mu’s On Qing Scholars support this assertion. Qian Mu is more radical than Zhang Taiyan concerning the political perspective in the study of academic thought in the Qing Dynasty, which takes the political perspective as an internal part of judging Qing Xue from the perspective of Song Xue and completes the theoretical construction.It was the distinctions of Chinese and barbarians stated in the Spring and Autumn Annals, which was highly valued by Song Xue.