证据推理中“概括”的知识性质分析

The analysis of the knowledge nature of "generalization" in evidence reasoning

通过证据推理形成关于过去所发生事情的判断,这是人类日常实践推理的基本技能,司法裁判的事实认定也是证据推理的结果。证据推理所依据的“逻辑和一般经验”被称为“概括”:建立在知识或经验判断基础上的关于某个推理结论的概率性论证,为证据推理的每个步骤提供正当理由。概括是关于自然界事物之间一般联系规律,它属于知识范畴。首先,概括表达的是知识命题,它是主体意识活动的结果,体现了认识与实践的辩证关系。其次,概括是经验智慧的结晶,它的知识渊源包括一般经验、社会常识和价值观念。再者,概括具有“向来我属”的此在性,即概括在司法裁判的证据推理过程中表现出时间性、地域性和主体性的“现象学”统一性。知识属性是概括最为本质的性质属性。

Forming judgments by evidence reasoning about what happened in the past is a fundamental skill of reasoning in daily human practice. The fact-finding of judicial adjudication is also the result of evidence reasoning. The “logic and general experience” on which evidence reasoning is based is referred to “generalization”: the probability argument for certain reasoning conclusion based on knowledge or empirical judgment that provides justification for each step of evidence reasoning. Generalization is about the general law of connection between things in nature, which belongs to the category of knowledge. Firstly, generalization expresses the proposition of knowledge, which is the result of the subject’s consciousness activities and embodies the dialectical relationship between cognition and practice. Secondly, generalization is the crystallization of empirical wisdom, and its sources of knowledge include general experience, social common sense and values. Furthermore, generalization has the Dasein of “mineness”, that is, generalization shows the ‘phenomenological’ unity of temporality, territoriality and subjectivity in the process of evidence reasoning of judicial adjudication. The nature of knowledge is the most essential nature of generalization.