从直接支持到交叉遵守:欧盟CAP绿色转型的创新举措、政策效应与情景启示

From direct support to cross-compliance:Innovative measures,policy effects and situational implications of the CAP green transformation of EU

目前中国农业生产中化学投入品使用缺乏统一监管与有效约束,带来生态恶化和农产品质量安全问题,新世纪初欧盟则通过实施交叉遵守机制有效化解了生产与生态之间矛盾。阐释交叉遵守政策内容与管理机制,剖析其对社会福利和生产行为的影响,基于中欧政策环境比较分析提出对我国的启示。结果表明:条件性补贴和生态性导向是交叉遵守主要特征,其内容包括SMR和GAEC两部分,前者旨在维护公共卫生环境、食品安全与动物福利,后者主要针对农地土壤保护和水资源管理;该机制缓解了欧盟资源环境压力,减轻了市场和贸易扭曲;规模化、专业化经营农户交叉遵守意愿相对更高,但在绿色生产转型中可能存在对传统生产方式的路径依赖;加快培育新型农业经营主体、完善优质优价市场信息机制是农业绿色转型政策有效实施的重要条件。

At present,the use of chemical inputs in China’s agricultural production lacks unified supervision and effective constraints,which brings about very serious environmental pollution and quality and safety problems of agricultural products.At the beginning of the 21 century,the European Union effectively resolved the contradiction between production and ecology by implementing cross-compliance mechanism.This paper explains the policy content and management mechanism of cross-compliance,analyzes its impact on social welfare and producer behavior,and puts forward its enlightenment to China based on the comparative analysis of the policy environment between China and Europe.The results show that conditional subsidy and ecological orientation are the main characteristics of cross-compliance mechanism.The content of the cross-compliance includes SMR and GAEC.The former aims at maintaining public health environment,food safety and animal welfare,while the latter aims at farmland soil protection and water resources management.Cross-compliance mechanism has eased pressure of resources and environment as well as reduced market and trade distortions of EU.Farmers with large-scale and specialized operation have higher cross-compliance intention,but there may be path dependence on traditional production mode in green production transition.Accelerating the cultivation of new agricultural business entities,completing market information mechanism linking price and quality are important conditions for implementation of agricultural green transformation policy.