无患子果实生长发育及其内含物的变化特征

Regularities of Fruit Growing and Development and Its Inclusion of Sapindus mukorossi

以福建建宁县无患子为材料,观测果实生长动态,并采用Logistic方程对生长指标进行曲线拟合,观察生长过程中果皮显微结构变化,确定无患子果实生长发育的重要时期,为无患子的高效栽培管理和果实采收策略的制定提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)无患子果实生长、果皮总皂苷和种子油脂的积累规律相似,总体上呈Logistic增长模型的单“S”型曲线;果皮总皂苷和种子油脂的主要积累时期分别为45~90 DAP(花授粉后天数)和75~105 DAP。(2)无患子果皮除含有角质层、表皮细胞、厚角细胞、薄壁细胞、维管束、石细胞等基本结构外,还含有溶生式分泌腔和草酸钙簇晶等特征性结构;随着果实生长,分泌腔体积逐渐变大。(3)根据果实生长变化规律和Logistic方程拟合结果,可将无患子果实生长发育进程划分为生长初期(0~30 DAP)、速生期(30~90 DAP)、生长后期(90~120 DAP)和果实成熟期(120~150 DAP)4个阶段。在生产实践中果实成熟期内均适合果实采收,其中135和150 DAP分别为果实皂用和油用采收的最佳时期,此外还应根据每年天气状况对果实采收时间进行适当调整。

We used Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.from Jianning County,Fujian Province as material to study fruit growing and development regularities.The fruit growth dynamics were observed,the growth indexes were fitted by logistic equation,the changes of pericarp microstructure during the growth process were observed,and the important stages of fruit growth and development were determined,which could provide a scientific basis for the efficient cultivation and management of S.mukorossi and the formulation of fruit harvesting strategy.The results showed that:(1)the growth of fruit was consistent with the accumulation of pericarp saponins and seed oil,the fruit growth,total saponins in pericarp and seed oil accumulation of S.mukorossi were similar,which generally presented a logistic growth model-a single S-shaped curve.The main accumulation periods of total saponins in pericarp and seed oil were 45-90 DAP and 75-105 DAP,respectively.(2)In addition to the basic structures of cuticle,epidermal cells,collenchyma cells,parenchyma cells,vascular bundles and sclereids,the pericarp of S.mukorossi also contained many large lysogenic secretory cavities and calcium oxalate crystals.With fruit growth,the volume of secretory cavities also increased.(3)According to the change regularities of fruit growth and the fitting result of logistic equation,the fruit growth and development process of S.mukorossi fruit could be divided into four stages:early growth stage(0-30 DAP,days after flower pollination),fast growth stage(30-90 DAP),late growth stage(90-120 DAP),and fruit maturity stage(120-150 DAP).Among them,the period of fruit maturity stage was suitable for the harvesting of fruits.The fruits harvested at 135 and 150 DAP were most suitable for the use of pericarp saponins and seed oil,respectively.In addition,the fruit harvesting time should be adjusted appropriately according to the annual weather conditions.