我国超龄劳动者养老保险待遇与劳动合同终止关系的反思

Reflections on the Relationship between the Treatment of Endowment Insurance and the Termination of Labour Contract for Over-age Workers

《劳动合同法》中的“基本养老保险待遇条款”意旨不明,导致超龄劳动者养老保险待遇与劳动合同终止的关系不清。根据我国基本养老保险制度的形成逻辑,该条款中“基本养老保险待遇”仅指城镇职工基本养老保险待遇,对于不享受城镇职工基本养老保险待遇的超龄劳动者,不产生劳动合同终止的法律效果,这是超龄劳动者养老保险待遇与劳动合同终止关系的第一重反思。“基本养老保险待遇条款”中蕴含着劳资双方的缴费义务、劳动者的退职权和养老保险待遇请求权,而退职权的形成权属性与养老保险待遇请求权的请求权属性决定了两种权利行使与否影响着劳动合同是否终止的法律效果,这是第二重反思。在双重反思的基础上,建议立法上明确该条款的主体为城镇职工,司法上加强个案的实质审查,劳动行政上引入劳动能力审查和收入调查制度,以区分超龄劳动者的不同种类,辨识其法律地位,调整其法律关系,保障其劳动权利,回应老龄社会“老有所为”的要求。

The unclear normative purpose of “basic endowment insurance benefits clause” in the Labour Contract Law, leads to the unclear relationship between pension insurance benefits and labour contract termination for over-age workers. “Basic endowment insurance treatment” only refers to the treatment of urban workers’ basic endowment insurance in the narrow sense. It does not meet the labour contract of over-age workers in the narrow sense, and does not produce the legal effect of labour contract termination. This is the first reflection on the relationship between the pension insurance benefits of over-age workers and the termination of workers’ contracts. “Basic endowment insurance benefits clause” contains the payment obligation of both labour and capital, the power of withdrawal of workers and the right to claim for pension insurance benefits, and the attributes of the right to form the power of withdrawal and the right to claim for pension insurance benefits determine whether the exercise of two kinds of rights affects the legal effect of labour contract termination. This constitutes the second reflection. On the basis of this double reflection, it is suggested that the legislation should clarify that the subject of this provision is urban workers, that the judiciary should strengthen the substantive examination of individual cases, and that the labour administration should introduce a labour capacity examination and income survey system.