不同小麦品种产量和氮、磷利用效率差异的生理机制

Physiological Mechanism of Differences in Yield and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Use Efficiency of Different Wheat Varieties

为探讨陕西关中地区不同小麦品种产量以及氮、磷利用效率差异的生理机制,于2018-2020年在陕西省杨凌区开展了2个施肥水平(不施肥-CK、施氮、磷肥-NP)和15个小麦品种,共计30个处理的大田试验。两年小麦的产量范围分别为1928~4590 kg·hm^(-2)和2537~8473 kg·hm^(-2),小麦品种和施肥均显著影响小麦产量,品种和施肥也存在显著的交互作用。两年试验结果均表现为NP高产-CK高产的品种有‘伟隆123’‘伟隆121’‘中麦895’。品种和施肥也显著影响氮、磷利用效率,二者交互作用也显著。第一年NP氮高效-CK氮高效品种为‘伟隆123’,第二年为‘伟隆169’‘伟隆121’‘漯麦8号’‘小偃58’‘西农979’和‘伟隆158’。两年结果均表现为NP磷高效-CK磷高效品种为‘伟隆169’和‘伟隆123’。高产小麦品种主要与花期叶面积指数和地上部生物量高、花后旗叶SPAD(叶绿素相对含量)变化速率快,促进花前可溶性糖转运有关。氮利用效率高的小麦品种花期叶面积指数和旗叶碳氮比大,花后旗叶碳氮比变化速率快、可溶性糖转运量大。磷利用效率较高的小麦品种花期叶面积指数高、可溶性糖转运量大和花期地上部生物量大。综合考虑小麦产量与氮、磷利用效率,在试验环境条件下供试品种‘伟隆123’为高产和氮、磷高效品种。

To explore the physiological mechanism of differences in yield of different wheat varieties and nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency(NUE,PUE)in Guanzhong of Shaanxi,a field experiment with a total of 30 treatments was conducted,in Yangling of Shaanxi province from 2018 to 2020,which included two fertilization levels(no fertilizer-CK,nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers-NP)and 15 wheat varieties.The yield ranged from 1928-4590 kg·hm^(-2)and 2537-8473 kg·hm^(-2)in the two years.The wheat yield was significantly affected by wheat variety and fertilization,and their interaction was also significant.The results of the two years’experiment showed that‘Weilong 123’‘Weilong 121’and‘Zhongmai 895’obtained high yield under both NP and CK conditions.its NUE and PUE were also affected by variety and fertilization,and the interaction between variety and fertilization was also significant.‘Weilong 123’had high NUE under both NP and CK in the first experimental year,and‘Weilong 169’,‘Weilong 121’‘Luomai 8’‘Xiaoyan 58’‘Xinong 979’and‘Weilong 158’had high NUE under both NP and CK in the second year,the‘Weilong 169’and‘Weilong 123’had high PUE under both NP and CK in the two years’experiment.High yield wheat varieties are mainly related to the large leaf area index at anthesis,above-ground biomass at anthesis,the large change rate of flag leaf SPAD after anthesis,and the promotion of soluble sugar transport before anthesis.Wheat varieties with high nitrogen use efficiency had a large leaf area index at anthesis,a large flag leaf C/N ratio at anthesis,fast change rate of flag leaf C/N ratio after anthesis,and a large soluble carbohydrates translocation amount.Wheat varieties with higher phosphorus use efficiency had large leaf area index at anthesis,large soluble carbohydrates translocation amount and large above-ground biomass at anthesis.Generally,the‘Weilong 123’was the triple-high variety under the tested environment.