不同覆盖时期和方式对旱地马铃薯土壤水热及产量的影响

Effects of Different Mulching Periods and Methods on Soil Moisture,Temperature and Yield of Potato in Dryland

于2018-2019年连续两年定位试验,设置秸秆带状秋覆盖(FSM)、黑膜大垄秋覆盖(FPM)、秸秆带状春覆盖(SSM)、黑膜大垄春覆盖(SPM)和不覆盖露地平作(CK)5个处理,研究不同覆盖时期和覆盖方式对旱地马铃薯土壤水热及产量的影响。结果表明:秸秆带状覆盖和黑膜大垄覆盖能显著提高马铃薯全生育期0~200 cm土层平均贮水量,秋覆盖大于春覆盖,与CK相比,秸秆带状覆盖和地膜覆盖分别平均提高马铃薯全生育期0~200 cm土层平均贮水量5.8%、8.6%;秸秆带状覆盖具有普遍的降温效应,而地膜覆盖存在普遍的增温效应,FSM和SSM处理0~25 cm土层平均温度分别较CK降低0.8℃和0.5℃,FPM和SPM处理分别增加0.5℃和0.6℃,秋覆盖降温幅度大于春覆盖,秋覆盖增温幅度小于春覆盖;秸秆带状覆盖和地膜覆盖均能显著提高马铃薯产量4.8%~7.6%、水分利用效率13.5%~22.6%,增产效应秋覆盖优于春覆盖。此外,秸秆带状覆盖显著提高纯经济收益和产投比且秋覆盖提高幅度大于春覆盖。因此,秸秆带状覆盖栽培技术是一种增产高、绿色可持续发展的栽培模式,适宜于西北半干旱雨养区秸秆资源较为富余地区推广应用。

In the fixed experimental site from 2018 to 2019,five treatments,namely autumn straw strip mulching(FSM),autumn black film large ridge mulching(FPM),spring straw strip mulching(SSM),spring black film large ridge mulching(SPM)and traditional bare land planting without mulching(CK),were set to study the effects of different mulching periods and mulching methods on soil moisture,temperature and yield of potato in dryland.The results showed that the straw strip and film mulching could significantly improve the average water storage at 0 to 200 cm soil layer during the whole potato growth period.The average water storage with the mulching in autumn was greater than that with the mulching in spring.Compared with CK,the straw strip mulching and plastic film mulching increased the average water storage at 0 to 200 cm soil layer during the whole potato growth period by 5.8%and 8.6%,respectively.The straw strip mulching generally reduced soil temperature while the plastic film mulching generally increased soil temperature.The average temperature under FSM and SSM treatments at 0 to 25 cm soil layer decreased by 0.8℃and 0.5℃compared with CK,while increased by 0.5℃and 0.6℃under FPM and SPM treatments.The range of the decrease in temperature under FSM was greater than that under SSM,and the range of the increase in temperature under FPM was less than that under SPM.Straw strip mulching and plastic film mulching could significantly improve potato yield by 4.8%to 7.6%and water use efficiency by 13.5%to 22.6%,the effect of temperature-increasing with the mulching in autumn was greater than that with the mulching in spring.In addition,the straw strip mulching significantly increased the net economic income and the ratio of output to investment,and the increase rate with the mulching in autumn was greater than that with the mulching in spring.Therefore,the straw strip mulching technique is a high-yield,green and sustainable cultivation mode,it is suitable to be extended and applied in the semi-arid rain-fed area of northwest China with surplus straw resources.