论海德格尔对康德图型法的批判与继承

On Heidegger’s Critique and Inheritance of Kant’s Schematisms

为解决范畴如何有效地运用于现象之上这一问题,康德提出了图型法学说以说明是图型使得知识的如此建构得以可能。康德同时声称,图型作为先验的时间规定纯粹是想象力的产物,这招致了康德对想象力的阐释有诸多不协调之处。海德格尔认为,康德之所以未能澄清想象力之为想象力,并进而在想象力面前“退缩”,是因为康德误认了超越难题和时间。从这一问题意识出发,海德格尔基于对超越难题的克服重新阐释了先验想象力,并将其与等同于源始时间。另外,作为源始时间的时间性在海德格尔看来是此在存在方式的根据,在他对此在生存论结构的论述中,康德哲学中模态范畴的图型是最为重要的思想资源之一。

To address the question of how categories can be effectively applied to phenomena,Kant proposes the doctrine of schematism to show that the schema makes such a construction of knowledge possible.Kant also claims that the schema as a transcendental time-determination is purely a product of the imagination,which invites some incompatibilities in Kant’s interpretation of the imagination.Heidegger argues that Kant’s failure to clarify the imagination as such and consequently“retreat”from it is due to Kant’s misidentification of the transcendental problem and the time.From awareness of this issue,Heidegger reinterprets the transcendental imagination based on overcoming the transcendental problem and equates it with primordial time.Moreover,temporality as primordial time is the ground of the mode of being of Dasein in Heidegger’s view,and the schema of modal categories in Kant’s philosophy is one of the most important intellectual resources in his account of the existential structure of Dasein.