Integrated phenotypic,phylogenomic,and evolutionary analyses indicate the earlier domestication of Geng upland rice in China

Dear Editor,Ensuring food security with finite resources and environmental impacts is a new challenge in sustainable agriculture(Yu et al.,2022).It is therefore essential to develop suitable rice varieties for resource-saving and environmentally friendly cultivation(Luo et al.,2019;Yu et al.,2022).Upland rice,which evolves many green characters for rice sustainable cultivation(e.g.,drought resistance,the usage efficiency of nitrate,the good capacity of direct seeding,etc.),is therefore an important germplasm in rice breeding(Luo et al.,2019).However,the origination and evolution of upland rice,as well as its green genetic resource,remain mysterious(Xia et al.,2019).