论日本江户时代“三大改革”

The "Three Reforms" in the Edo Era of Japan

1630年代,江户幕府开始施行以贸易统制和禁止基督教为核心的“锁国政策”,以维护和巩固统治。半个世纪后,江户幕府又先后进行了三次涉及政治、经济、社会思想文化的改革。这三场改革按当时年号,分别被称为享保改革、宽政改革、天保改革。这三次改革本质都是权益的调整和分配,并没有触动引发危机的幕府政治体制和根本国策,因此难免捉襟见肘,难以摆脱“按下葫芦浮起瓢”的困境,使幕府未能摆脱在内忧外患中“谢幕”的命运。

In the 1630 s,the Edo Shogunate began to implement the "isolation policy" by controlling the trade and prohibiting Christianity.However,the policy caused many contradictions.Half a century later,in order to maintain and consolidate its rule,the Edo Shogunate carried out three reforms in politics,economy,social ideology,and culture.They were the Kyouhou Reform,Kansei Reform,and Tenpou Reform.But the three reforms merely adjusted and re-distributed political interests without transforming the fundamental institution of the shogunate,making it difficult for the shogunate to get out of the predicament of financial crisis,which finally ended the shogunate in the internal troubles and foreign invasion.