宗教改革与瑞典绝对君主制的初步形成

The Reformation and the Establishment of Absolute Monarchy in Sweden

由于教会与贵族势力强大、选君制传统的制约,以及丹麦和汉萨同盟的外部威胁,中世纪晚期瑞典的王权十分孱弱。在古斯塔夫一世推行的宗教改革运动中,国王通过剥夺教会财产大大增强了自身经济实力,从而得以摆脱债务问题的困扰,在对外关系上实现自主,而且在国内初步实现了中央集权统治,并建立了一支常备军。在宗教改革过程中,古斯塔夫一世逐步使瑞典教会与罗马教廷之间的关系疏离,并最终将瑞典教会置于王权控制之下。在驯服教会的同时,国王也取得了对世俗贵族的优势地位,进而通过议会顺利地革除选君制,确立了王位世袭继承制。至此,绝对君主制在瑞典初步形成。

Due to the powerful prelates and aristocrats,the constraint of traditional electoral system to the throne,and the external threats from Denmark and the Hanseatic League,the royal power in late medieval Sweden was quite weak.During the Reformation promoted by Gustav I,royal economic power was greatly enhanced by expropriating the ecclesiastical property,which allowed Sweden to get rid of the trouble of foreign debts and achieved complete independence in foreign relations.Meanwhile,centralized rule was achieved and a small standing army was founded in Sweden.During the Reformation,Gustav I gradually isolated the prelates of Sweden from the Holy See,and eventually brought the Church of Sweden under royal control.While taming the church,the monarch also gained the upper hand over the secular aristocracy,and then successfully replaced the electoral system to the throne with a system of hereditary succession.The absolute monarchy was thus formed in Sweden.