何谓遵循儿童天性的教育?——基于裴斯泰洛齐的儿童天性观解读

On the Education Following Children’s Nature:an Analysis Based on Pestalozzi’s View on Children’s Nature

何谓遵循儿童天性的教育?这是教育领域中的一个核心问题。在近代教育史上,裴斯泰洛齐发展出了一套独特的教育实践体系,而在其教育实践背后尤为关键的是他对儿童天性的深入理解。裴斯泰洛齐依据个人发展与种系发展的一致性原则,发展出人的自然性、社会性和道德性的三重天性观,并由此探究出人的身体力量、智力和精神力三重天性在儿童阶段的特殊展现方式。正是这些有关儿童天性的理解,为裴斯泰洛齐的教育思想奠定了坚实的理论基础。这份历史参考也提醒我们,在“本质”问题被否定的当下,教育的永恒之问仍然在于不断地追问何谓儿童的天性,并遵循儿童的天性而行。

What is education following children’s nature?This is an essential question in the field of education.Pestalozzi developed a unique educational practice system in the history of modern education which was supported,especially,by his thorough understanding of the nature of children.Pestalozzi believed that man has threefold nature,including natural,social and moral nature,which is based on the principle of the uniformity between phylogenetic and individual development.And on this basis,Pestalozzi also believed that threefold nature of physical power,intelligence and mentality has its own special way of unfolding in childhood.It is his understandings of children’s nature that laid the solid theoretical foundation for his educational system.This also reminds us that at the moment when the question of“essence”is denied,the eternal question of education still lies in the constant pursuit of the definition of children’s nature and education in accordance with it.