“立德树人”的劳动哲学阐释

The Interpretation of Fostering Virtue through Education with Labor Philosophy

“立德树人”是学校教育的根本任务。首先,本文从道德理性、反思理性、感性对象性提供了阐释“立德树人”的三种认知视角,并认为感性对象性认知视角优越于道德理性和反思理性认知视角,也是本文所采用的视角。其次,本文对作为感性对象性活动的劳动概念进行了深入分析,认为马克思劳动概念是对费尔巴哈感性直观思想和黑格尔意识对象性思想的创造性改造,创立了感性的劳动辩证法。劳动的对象性表明,劳动在任何时候都是一种关于他者的活动,劳动本身蕴含着德性,这种德性在前资本主义社会表现为一种集体主义的劳动道德观,在资本主义社会表现为一种个人主义的劳动道德观,而在社会主义社会和共产主义社会则表现为一种个人与集体相和谐统一的劳动道德观。劳动树人,在前资本主义社会,树立的是伦理的人;在资本主义社会,树立的是主观自由的个人;而在社会主义社会和共产主义社会,树立的则是伦理自由的个人。最后,本文对劳动“立德树人”的当代定位进行了深入探索,认为劳动“立德树人”的社会历史性决定了必须与时俱进地把握“立德树人”的具体内涵。就现阶段而言,一要准确定位新时代中国特色社会主义的历史方位;二要有限度地认可劳动“立德树人”的主观自由向度,有效缓解劳动“立德树人”的泛伦理化;三要旗帜鲜明地阐明劳动“立德树人”的伦理自由向度,为超越主观自由提供价值牵引。

Fostering virtue through education is the fundamental task of school education.First of all,this paper provides three cognitive perspectives from moral rationality,reflective rationality and perceptual object to explain“fostering virtue through education”,and holds that cognitive perspective of the perceptual object is superior to the other two perspectives,so it is adopted in this paper.Secondly,this paper makes an in-depth analysis of the concept of labor as a perceptual object activity.Marx’s concept of labor is a creative transformation of Feuerbach’s perceptual intuitive thought and Hegel’s conscious object thought,and creates the perceptual dialectics of labor.The objectiveness of labor indicates that labor is an activity about others at any time,and labor itself contains virtue,which is manifested as a collectivist labor morality in pre-capitalist society,an individualistic labor morality in capitalist society,and a harmonious and unified individual-collective labor morality in socialist and communist societies.Labor develops people:in the pre-capitalist society,it establishes the ethical people;in capitalist society,it forms the subjective free individual;and in socialist and communist societies,the individual with ethical freedom.Finally,we must keep pace with the times to fully understand the specific connotation of fostering virtue through education,for it is determined by the social history of this philosophy.At this stage,we need,first,to accurately define the historical orientation of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era;second,to recognize the subjective freedom dimension of labor to some extent,so as to effectively alleviate the pan-ethic tendency of labor;and third,to clarify the ethical freedom dimension of labor,so as to provide value traction for transcending subjective freedom.