清末科举改制中的州县校士馆与新学课艺

County Academic Halls and New Learning Courses During the Reform of the Imperial Examination System in the Late Qing Dynasty

甲午战后,朝野议变科举的呼声日益强烈,在省及州县层面,清廷诏命酌改书院为新式学堂。各地为了安抚和安置因变书院而生计受困的老生员,留出部分书院暂改为“校士馆”。这类过渡性机构以“新学”课艺为考课形式,继续发放膏火养士。新学课艺这种知识表述形式在清末经历了三个发展阶段,逐渐固定下来,影响及于民国初年及以后。随着科举改制的推进,清末书院、地方校士馆这类传统的国家知识统制空间也相应发生了近代转型,而转型后的书院、校士馆,又在新学课艺的推广和近代知识的普及与引渡中扮演了不容忽视的角色。

After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895,there were growing voices from the government and the public for the reform of the imperial examination system.At the provincial and county levels,the Qing government ordered the transformation of the academies of classical learning into new-style schools.In order to mollify and resettle the former students whose livelihood were threatened due to the change of academies,some academies were set aside and temporarily changed to"academic halls".This type of transitional institutes offered"new learning"courses for examinations,and continued to provide grants to support students.New learning courses went through three stages of development in the late Qing Dynasty,and gradually became fixed,and their influence extended to the early years of the Republic of China and beyond.With the advancement of the reform of the imperial examination system,the traditional spaces for national knowledge domination such as academies and local academic halls in the late Qing Dynasty also underwent a modern transformation.After the transformation,the academies and academic halls began to play a role that cannot be ignored in the promotion of new learning courses and the popularization and introduction of modern knowledge.