走私人类遗传资源材料罪行为对象解释新论

A New Interpretation of the Object of the Crime of Smuggling Human Genetic Materials

遗传资源在概念上存在狭义说和广义说,狭义说仅将遗传资源限定为遗传材料因而不可取,广义说则主张遗传资源不限于遗传材料因而值得肯定。以广义说为基础的人类遗传资源在外延上包括人类遗传资源材料和人类遗传资源信息。不应根据前置法将走私人类遗传资源材料罪的行为对象解释为在外延上仅包括人类遗传资源材料,因为倘若如此理解那将会导致不当限缩犯罪圈的结果。从刑事政策上合目的意义的预防需要看,应当将该罪的行为对象解释为在外延上既包括人类遗传资源材料又包括人类遗传资源信息,这样解释有助于惩治非法传递人类遗传资源信息出境的行为。在司法认定中对于人类遗传资源信息应在形式认定的基础上从实质上排除不值得刑法保护的信息,非法采集又走私时的人类遗传资源信息的数量计算应考虑前后行为是否针对同一行为对象,在查获批量人类遗传资源信息时不能轻易通过查重方法删去重复数据信息。

Genetic resources can be defined in broad and narrow terms.If defined narrowly,the genetic resources are restricted to genetic materials,which is not desirable.If defined broadly,the genetic resources are not limited to genetic materials,and as a result are worthy of recognition.Human genetic resources based on the broad definition include human genetic materials and human genetic information in the denotation.The object of the crime of smuggling genetic materials should not be interpreted as the human genetic materials in accordance with laws other than the criminal law,because this understanding will lead to improper reduction of the crime coverage.From the perspective of the prevention needs of the criminal policy,the object of the crime should be interpreted as including both human genetic materials and human genetic information.Such an explanation will help punish the illegal cross-border transfer of human genetic information.In the judicial determination of human genetic resources,information that is not worthy of protection by criminal law should be substantially excluded after the formal determination of human genetic information.The calculation of the quantity of illegally collected and smuggled human genetic information should take into consideration whether the previous and subsequent behaviors are directed at the same human genetic resources.When the human genetic information in batches is seized,duplicate data cannot be easily deleted by checking duplicates.