论俄罗斯边疆地区的俄罗斯族人口流失问题——以达吉斯坦共和国为例

On the Loss of Russian Population in the Border Regions of Russia——A Case Study of the Republic of Dagestan

自20世纪70年代始,苏联边疆地区的人口在民族构成上逐渐呈现出“本地化”趋势,即外来民族,主要是俄罗斯族人趋于减少,这在民族结构复杂、问题突出的北高加索地区表现得尤为突出。达吉斯坦共和国作为俄罗斯在北高加索地区面积最大、人口最多,民族成分最为多样化的主体,其境内俄罗斯族人口的变迁在一定程度上体现了俄罗斯边疆区,尤其是北高加索地区的人口民族结构变化。本文以达吉斯坦共和国境内俄罗斯族人口数量、比例变化为主要线索,全景式展现20世纪60年代以来,该地区俄罗斯族人口减少的整体趋势,剖析导致这一现象的主客观原因,阐释其影响,判断其未来走势,以期为多民族国家边疆治理和俄罗斯人口问题研究提供新的启发和思考。

Since the 1970s, the population in the border regions of the Soviet Union has gradually shown a trend of “localization” in terms of ethnic composition, that is, the population of foreign ethnic groups, mainly the ethnic Russians, has tended to decrease, which is particularly prominent in the North Caucasus region where the ethnic structure is complex and the problems are prominent. Dagestan is the main body with the largest area, the largest population and the most diverse ethnic composition in the North Caucasus region of Russia. The demographic change of the ethnic Russians in Dagestan reflects the changes of population and ethnic structure in the border regions of Russia, especially in the North Caucasus region, to some extent. Taking the change in number and proportion of the Russian population in Dagestan as the main clue, this paper presents the overall trend of the Russian population decrease in the region since the 1960s in a panoramic manner, analyzes the subjective and objective reasons leading to this phenomenon, explains its impact, and judges its future trend, hoping to provide a new inspiration and thinking for the frontier governance of multi-ethnic countries and the study of demographic issues of Russia.