反改宗政治与“印度教国家”建设

Anti-proselytism Politics and the Building of Hindu Rashtra

印度在过去三十年的时间里,经历了政治格局的时代之变:以印度教民族主义为意识形态的印度人民党从边缘成为主流,取代了以世俗民族主义立国的国大党的地位。印度因此正在经历一个民族国家重构过程。本文试图通过聚焦反改宗政治,对印度教民族主义的目标“印度教国家”进行探析。改宗议题在印度的争议性从殖民时代一直延续到今天,超越了国大党与印人党的对立。反改宗的核心,是人口政治。反改宗的立法和运动让人看到的是,“印度教国家”会寻求以包括强制在内的方式,保障印度教社群在人口上的多数以及在文化和政治上的支配地位。就此而言,“印度教国家”还处在建设过程之中,联邦制和印度的地区文化-政治多样性,对“印度教国家”的扩展尚起着防御和制约作用。

Over the past three decades, India has witnessed epochal changes in its political landscape: the Bharatiya Janata Party, with its Hindu nationalist ideology, has moved from the fringes to the mainstream, displacing the secular nationalist Congress Party. India is thus undergoing a process of nation-state reconfiguration. This article attempts to analyze Hindu Rashtra(Hindu nation/state), the goal of Hindu nationalism, by focusing on anti-proselytism politics. Proselytism has been a controversial issue in India from the colonial era to the present day, far beyond the opposition between the Congress Party and the BJP. At the heart of anti-proselytism is demographic politics. What anti-proselytism legislation and campaigns have shown is that the “Hindu state” would seek to secure the demographic majority as well as cultural and political dominance of the Hindu community through various means, including by coercion. In this regard, the “Hindu state” is still in the process of building, and the federal system and the regional cultural-political diversity of India still play a defensive and restrictive role against the expansion of the “Hindu state”.