非传统移民国家少数族群及其生活的微观研究:在俄华人移民适应问题——以伊尔库茨克华商为中心

A Micro-study of Ethnic Minorities and their Lives in Non-traditional Immigrant Countries:Adaptation of Chinese Immigrants in Russia——with Chinese Businessmen in Irkutsk as the Focus

进入全球化时代,世界范围内人口流动日趋频繁,伴随人口流动而出现的适应问题也成为民族学、人类学、社会学等多学科共同探讨的焦点议题。本文以活跃在俄罗斯伊尔库茨克市场中的华商成长历程为个案,对当今非传统移民国家少数族群的适应问题进行初步探讨。面对非移民传统国家“有限宽容”的生存环境,作为跨国经营活动的行动主体的华商依托特有的关系网络与社会结构,形成了由家庭式经营与“同乡同业”策略支持起来的群体经济,并采取“积极融入又保持距离”的策略与市场内外的活动主体展开交往。研究发现,虽然永久定居俄罗斯较为困难,但是“旅居”中的华商已成为当地社会不可或缺的一部分。华商的行动不仅挑战了旧有的“落叶归根”与“落地生根”的适应模式,还凭借中国商品将中国引入世界、推动了中国与周边国家之间经济连接与文化交流,并为审视中俄关系的发展走向提供了另一个角度。

In the era of globalization, population mobility is becoming more and more frequent around the world, and the adaptation problems accompanying population mobility have become the focus of multi-disciplinary discussion such as ethnology, anthropology and sociology. Taking the growing process of Chinese businessmen active in the Irkutsk market as an example, this article makes a preliminary discussion on the adaptation of ethnic minorities in today’s non-traditional immigrant countries. In the face of a living environment featuring “limited tolerance” in non-traditional immigrant countries, Chinese businessmen, as the main actors in transnational business activities, rely on their unique relationship network and social structure to form a group economy supported by family-style management and the “fellow townsman” strategy, and adopt the strategy of “active integrating but keeping a distance” to communicate with the main actors inside and outside the market. The study has found that although permanent settlement in Russia is difficult, “sojourn” Chinese businessmen have become an indispensable part of local society. The action of Chinese businessmen not only challenges the old adaptation mode of either “returning to home when old” or “settling down in a foreign land”, but also introduces China to the world with Chinese goods, promotes economic connection and cultural exchange between China and neighboring countries, and provides another angle to examine the development trend of China-Russia relations.