清朝满蒙联姻之指婚制入关后发展变化及“备指额驸”问题

A Study on Development and Changes of Alliance Marriage between the Manchu and Mongolian and System of Bei Zhi Efu in the Qing Dynasty

皇帝指婚制之满蒙联姻,在入关后出现多方面变化。康熙中期以后,实行将蒙古王公子弟教养内廷以备指为额驸并委以重任的做法,兼随时实行有针对性的指嫁公主、格格等多种指婚形式。由于皇家女不愿远嫁蒙古,乾隆二年后规定在联姻意义较大且距京较近易于指婚的漠南东三盟重点部旗中实行“备指额驸”,并配合以其他措施;在更远的外扎萨克蒙古,则实行与重点部旗中的重点家族联姻。嘉庆以后,由于重点部旗实行“备指额驸”的蒙古方面又出现不配合的现象而增订制度。嘉庆以后至清末,指婚蒙古的人次并不多,90%以上为满蒙王公间的自行结亲。因而,认识与评价满蒙联姻,应从其多地域、阶段性,并结合满蒙男女双方婚姻当事人之不同态度等方面,做全面的审视与分析。其中漠南蒙古在乾隆以后缩小到在部分部旗实行“备指额驸”,也应在这一总体中予以定位与认识。

The Marriage appointed by Emperor——a system of alliance marriage between the Manchu and Mongolian,changed in many ways from Shunzhi period.After the middle of Kangxi period,the sons of Mongolian princes were raised to the inner court of the palace for the purpose of being a prince in law and entrusted with important responsibilities.At the same time,various forms of marriage were implemented.As the royal princess were unwilling to marry to Mongolia,in the Qianlong’second year,Qianlong stipulated Bei Zhi Efu(备指额驸)in some important banners of the eastern three leagues in the Inner Mongolia,where marriage was of great significance and closer to the capital.In farther Outer Zasak Mongolia,marriages were carried out with important families in core tribes and banners.After Jiaqing period,the system was completed due to the incompatibility of the Mongolian side of the implementation of Bei Zhi Efu in the core tribes and banners.From Jiaqing period to the end of Qing Dynasty,there were not many people getting married to Mongolia,and more than 90%of them were self-married between Manchu and Mongolian princes.Therefore,the understanding and evaluation of the Manchu Mongolian marriage should be comprehensively examined and analyzed from its multi region,multi aspect,and in combination with the different attitudes of the marriage parties of both men and women.After the reign of Emperor Qianlong,Inner Mongolia was reduced to a part of the local banners to implement the institution of Bei Zhi Efu,which should also be positioned and recognized in this overall situation.