卫所变革与边地形塑:清代岷州的政区演进与社会重构

The Reform of the Weisuo and the Shaping of the Border:The Evolution of Minzhou’s Administrative Area and Social Reconstruction in the Qing Dynasty

清初,岷州地区卫所军户、州县民户、土司“番户”杂处的局面,引致当地民政治理渐趋紊乱。随着甘青局势趋于缓和,清朝尝试改变当地以岷州抚民同知与岷州卫二元并存的厅卫共治格局,并建立以岷州为核心的州县管理体制。雍正年间,清朝围绕岷州厅与岷州卫持续展开了地丁归并、改土归流、由厅改州、裁卫并州等改革,逐步优化并整合当地军、民、“番”杂糅的乱局,同时消除官府控制薄弱的“隙地”。岷州既向北部州县归并、补充民地民丁,又将南部土司“熟番”“归流输赋”纳入国家编户系统,并接纳“边外生番”,“化生为熟”,王朝边疆借此重构。清代岷州的政区调整与州县化转型是王朝国家与地域社会军民、“番汉”、土司等人群共同参与、双向互动的结果,既反映出岷州社会的族群特质与发展历程,亦体现出明清以来边疆地区行政制度的变迁轨迹与总体趋势。

In the early Qing Dynasty,the mixed situation of households in Minzhou led to the gradual disorder of local civil administration.As the situation between Gansu and Qinghai tended to ease,the Qing court tried to change the local Ting(厅)and Weisuo(卫所)co-governance pattern where Minzhou Fumin Tongzhi(岷州抚民同知)and Minzhou Wei(岷州卫)coexisted,and established a prefecture and county management system with Minzhou as the core.During the Yongzheng period,the Qing court continued to carry out reforms such as the merging of land with people,the reform of replacing chieftains with appointed officials,the transformation of the prefecture from Ting,and abolishing Weisuo and setting the prefecture and county,focusing on the Minzhou Ting and the Minzhou Wei,and gradually optimize and integrate the chaos of the local army,civilians,and ethnic groups,and at the same time eliminate the unoccupied land with weak government control.Minzhou not only merged with the northern prefecture and counties to supplement the land and people,but also incorporated the southern“Tusi Shufan”(土司“熟番”)into the national household registration system,and the frontier of the dynasty is reconstructed by this.The adjustment of Minzhou’s administrative area and the transformation of prefecture and county transformation in the Qing Dynasty were the result of the joint participation and two-way interaction between the dynasty state and the regional society.It not only reflects the ethnic characteristics and development process of Minzhou society,but also reflects the change track and overall trend of the administrative system in the frontier areas since the Ming and Qing Dynasties.