人性探索与悲剧意识——论余华小说的死亡叙事

The Exploration of Human Nature and Tragic Consciousness:The Death Narration in Yu Hua's Novels

死亡是余华小说创作的关键命题之一,其死亡叙事随着创作题材的变化经历了两次转向。余华先锋时期的代表作品《现实一种》以残忍血腥的感官叙事展现出死亡的普遍性,90年代的《活着》以双层叙事结构讲述了福贵家人的死亡史,21世纪的《第七天》则以朦胧恍惚的亡灵叙事揭示出底层人物的死亡真相。在死亡书写中,余华对人性的认识经历了由揭示人的暴力本能,到展现底层农民的生命韧性,再到探索多面复杂人性的变化过程。随着余华对人性的探索和揭露逐渐深入,小说中一以贯之的悲剧意识也发生了变化,其悲观色彩不断淡化,余华对世界的宽厚、同情与悲悯也逐渐凸显出来。

Death is one of the key propositions in Yu Hua's novel creation,and his death narration has experienced two turns with the change of the creation themes.A Kind of Reality,a representative work of Yu Hua's pioneer period,shows the universality of death with cruel and bloody sensory narration;In the 1990s,To Live tells the death history of Xu Fugui's family with the double narrative structure;In the 21st century,The Seventh Day reveals the truth of the death of the underclass characters with a hazy and trance dead narration.In the depiction of death,Yu Hua's understanding of human nature has experienced the change from revealing the violent instinct of human beings to displaying the life tenacity of the peasants at the bottom class,and finally to exploring the multifaceted complex human nature.With Yu Hua's exploration and disclosure of human nature,the sense of tragedy runs through Yu Hua's novels has changed,and the pessimistic color of his novels is gradually fading.His leniency,sympathy and compassion for the world is gradually highlighted.