数字时代搜查手机数据的法律规制问题——以美国刑事搜查手机数据规则演变为视角

Research on the Legal Regulation of Mobile Phone Search in Digital Age——From the Angle of Mobile Data Rule Evolution of American Criminal Search

对于手机无证搜查的规制问题,美国地方法院与联邦最高法院呈现不同的态度,地方法院一直试图援引“逮捕附带搜查”这一令状原则的例外规定以获取部分自由裁量空间,后者则基于隐私权的考量,于2014年明确搜查手机数据必须进行严格的司法审查。从比较法上看,美国法院设置了一个独立的司法审查模式。在中国,手机数据搜查可行的规制方向主要有两个,其一为借助刑事侦查中搜查的法律规定对该行为予以限制,其二是站在电子数据取证视角对搜查手机数据行为进行限制。但是目前搜查方向相关制度缺位,侦查人员裁量权较大,电子数据取证方向的法律法规又忽视手机数据搜查行为。结合中国司法现状,对搜查手机数据的法律规制应当从搜查行为的角度入手,将司法审查引入搜查手机数据中,在比例原则的指引下,根据案件情况明确审查主体,限制搜查范围,明确搜查的操作程序。

Regarding the regulation of unlicensed search of mobile phones,the United States District Courts and the U.S.Supreme Court have presented different attitudes.The former had been trying to invoke the exception provision of the writ principle of“search incident to arrest”to own some discretionary space,but in 2014 the latter made it clear that the mobile phone search must be subjected to strict judicial review based on the consideration of privacy.From the perspective of comparative law,the U.S.Supreme Court set up an independent judicial review model.In China,there are two feasible regulatory directions for mobile phone search.One is to restrict the behavior through the legal provisions of searching in criminal investigation;the other is to restrict the behavior of mobile phone data searching from the perspective of electronic forensics.However,relevant regulations on searching field are absent presently,investigators own great discretion,and the laws and regulations in the direction of electronic forensics ignore the mobile phone data extraction behaviors.Considering the current judicial situation in China,the legal regulation of searching the mobile phone data should start from the angle of searching behavior,introducing judicial review into the data search of mobile phones.Under the guidance of proportionality,the examination subject should be explicitly identified depending on the case,the search scope should be limited and the operational procedure of the search should be exactly determined.