基于自然修复理念的森林经营措施研究

Research on Forest Management Measures Based on Natural Restoration Concept

自然修复已成为生态修复实践的重要原则和理念,在恢复生态系统的完整性和稳定性方面有不可替代的优势,具有修复作用持续和经济有效的特点,比人工修复在更大尺度层面更利于系统化解决问题。通过对自然修复的界定,梳理自然修复技术的现状,解析自然修复的特点,探讨自然修复措施在人工造林模式、雨养森林模式、森林演替调控、垂直空间利用、促进天然更新和自然整枝能力方面的应用,提出了创新造林作业设计、改变传统栽植模式、近自然化定植等理念。在垂直结构上合理搭配树种,从初植阶段为形成复层异龄林提供条件;在干旱半干旱地区,以林分水分消耗与降水量为依据设计造林密度,形成雨养森林模式;参照原始林的垂直结构特征、演替规律、更新机理、整枝规律,优化次生林和过伐林垂直结构,近自然化改造人工林,调控林分演替,形成垂直郁闭的复层林,促进天然更新和自然整枝能力等建议,以期为森林生态修复提供支撑。

Currently,natural restoration has become an important principle and concept in ecological restoration practice,which has an irreplaceable advantage in restoring the integrity and stability of the ecosystem,with the characteristics of continuity and cost-effectiveness.It is more conducive to systematically solving problems at a larger scale than the human-induced restoration.At present,the natural restoration capacity of the ecosystem is still utilized at a low level,with too much emphasis on the human-induced restoration.Therefore,it is necessary to give more play to the role of the natural restoration,with the emphasis on the innovative application of natural restoration measures.In this article,we defined the natural restoration,summary the technology research status of natural restoration,analyze the characteristics of natural restoration,and discusses the application of natural restoration measures in the artificial afforestation model,rain fed forest model,forest succession and control,vertical space utilization,natural regeneration promotion and natural pruning ability.Then,we put forward the innovative afforestation operation design,the changes in the traditional planting mode,and fixed planting close to naturalization.A reasonable combination of tree species is proposed in the vertical structure,thus providing conditions for the formation of multi-layer uneven aged forests from the initial planting stage.In arid and semi-arid areas,we advise that afforestation density be designed on the basis of water consumption and precipitation in forest stand,thus forming a rain-fed forest model.With reference to the vertical structure characteristics,evolutionary changes,renewal mechanisms,and pruning rules of the primeval forest,the vertical structure of secondary forests and overcutting forests can be optimized.The man-made forests can be improved in a way close to naturalization.We also advise to control the ecological succession of the forest stand so as to form the multi-layer forest with vertical closure,thus promoting the natural regeneration and natural pruning capabilities.The above suggestions can provide support for the forest ecological restoration.