现代西方政治文明需要何种“利维坦”?——论柯林伍德与奥克肖特的“霍布斯遗产”

Which“Leviathan”the Modern Western Political Civilization needs?--On Collingwood and Oakeshott’s“Hobbesian legacy”

柯林伍德与奥克肖特的政治哲学都以现代西方文明危机作为现实关照,并诉诸霍布斯寻求应对之道。柯林伍德试图以观念论改造霍布斯的政治哲学,他的“新”利维坦之特色在于提出对尚未文明的人进行社会化的政治体理论。奥克肖特则把利维坦解读为拥有绝对权威以保障个人自由的公民联合体,并将其进一步改造为以非工具性法律为纽带、伦理个人主义为基础的“新”利维坦。两位政治思想家的政治构想其实都旨在唤起维护道德个体性、追求和平与公民福祉的社会意识,这当中最关键的是要为利维坦提供融贯的意志理论,从而给个人意志的自由施展提供制度与伦理条件。

Both Collingwood’s and Oakeshott’s political philosophies take Crisis of Modern Western Civilization as their practical concerns,and appeal to Hobbesian Legacy for their solutions.Collingwood reforms Hobbes’political philosophy with British Idealism,by which he puts forward a Body Politics Theory of socializing uncivilized people for his“new”Leviathan.Oakeshott interprets Leviathan as Civil Association with absolute authority to guarantee individual freedom,and further transforms it into his“new”Leviathan which is characterized by non-instrumental laws(lex)and ethical individualism.Their political purposes are same to arouse social consciousness of safeguarding morality of individuality and pursuing peace and bonum civile,for which the most urgent work is to provide a consistent theory of will for“new”leviathan,so as to provide institutional and ethical conditions for the free performance of individual will.