天变足畏否?——王安石天人思想探析

Is the Change in Heaven Worth to be Feared?--An Analysis of Wang Anshi’s Thought of Heaven and Human

王安石变法有三句响亮的口号流传甚广:“天变不足畏,祖宗不足法,人言不足恤。”然而,所谓“三不足”之说是否真的出自王安石之口很值得怀疑。从思想史上看,汉代的天人感应思想在北宋确实发生了动摇,王安石重视人的能动作用固然有其深刻的思想背景。可是也要看到,相信天人之间存在某种感应机制作为一项共识贯穿于整个中国古代社会,王安石无法颠覆这项共识。就理论层面而言,王安石在天人问题上的主要观点其实与北宋天人思想的主流并无出入。而就实践层面而言,王安石虽有“不畏天变”的思想倾向,但这也与他推行变法的特殊性有关。总的来看,王安石虽是当时将天人相分思想推向极致的代表人物,但他的天人观实际并未脱离古代社会大的思想环境。

In Wang Anshi’s reform,the slogan of“heaven’s change is not to be feared”is well-known.However,it is doubtful whether the slogan really come from Wang Anshi himself.From the perspective of the intellectual history,the thought of heaven-human induction in the Han Dynasty had been changed in the Northern Song Dynasty.Wang Anshi’s emphasis on the dynamic role of man has its profound ideological background.But it is also important to see that the belief that there is some kind of induction between heaven and human is a consensus runs through the whole ancient Chinese history,and Wang Anshi cannot subvert this consensus.In fact,Wang Anshi’s main point of view on the question of heaven and human is not different from the mainstream in the Northern Song Dynasty.In practice,although Wang Anshi has the tendency of“not fearing the change of heaven”,this is also related to the particularity of his reform.Generally speaking,although Wang Anshi was the representative figure who pushed the separation of heaven and human to the extreme at that time,his view of heaven and human did not break away from the ideological environment of the ancient Chinese society.