南非公立基础教育中的种族不平等现象探析:基于开普敦市两所小学的实地研究

Analysis of Ethnic Inequality in Public Basic Education in South Africa:Case Study on Two Public Primary Schools in Cape Town

1994年南非废除种族隔离制度后,促进种族教育平等的法律政策并未消除非洲裔与白人儿童之间的教育隔离和鸿沟,导致双方经济社会地位差距进一步加大,成为影响彩虹社会长治久安的隐患。本研究选择开普敦市具有代表性的两所公立小学,运用布迪厄的资本和再生产理论,通过系统考察学校教育涉及的不同行动主体,阐述学校如何成为种族不平等再生产的场域。在此基础上,从种族隔离历史遗产和新南非社会治理挑战两个角度剖析教育领域种族不平等再生产的结构性动因。南非公立基础教育的种族不平等问题是当下南非社会整体治理危机的一个表现,走出僵局的关键在于南非政府能否从观念到行动,认识到社会变革的紧迫性,彻底清除种族隔离遗产,摆脱西方大国和新自由主义意识形态控制,以足够的勇气和决心推进公平正义社会的建设。

After the abolition of racial apartheid in South Africa in 1994, the legal policies to promote racial education equality did not eliminate the educational isolation and gap between Africans and the white children, leading to further widening of the economic and social status gap between the two, which became a potential danger affecting the long-term stability of the rainbow society. This study chose two representative public primary schools in Cape Town and adopted Bourdieu’s capital and reproduction theory to explain how schools can become the field of racial unequal reproduction by systematically examining the different subjects of action involved in school education. On this basis, the article makes analysis on the structural drivers of racial inequality reproduction in education from two perspectives including the historical heritage of apartheid and the social governance challenge in new South Africa. The issue of racial inequality of public basic education in South Africa is a manifestation of the country’s overall social governance crisis. The key to break this deadlock lies in whether the South African government can realize the urgency of social change from concept to action while completely remove apartheid heritage and get rid of western power’s and neoliberal ideological control, so as to promote the construction of a fair and just society with enough courage and determination.