學官進卷與熙豐興學 ——圍繞張耒、華鎮的考察

Essays Presented before“the Examination for Preceptors Selection”(享官進卷)and the Establishing of Schools during the Eras of Xining and Yuanfeng in Northern Song Dynasty-CaseStudiesFocusingonZhang Leiand Hua Zhen

熙豐變法後學官考試制度逐步完善,上呈進卷成爲當時熱門的求試途徑.北宋學官進卷初無定則,在元豐試法頒布之後,應試者以策論進卷.學官進卷的寫作受到新舊黨爭的深刻影響,現存張耒、華鎮的進卷分别作於元豐、元祐之末,正可以反映當時黨爭激烈的真實情態.張耒、華鎮分屬舊、新兩黨,可他們卻在進卷中不約而同地使用追復三代先王的政教話語,表達了支持新黨的政見.其中,張耒對三代之治的歌頌是迫於時代政治氣氛的曲筆,而華鎮在紹述前夜的自我剖白則與他曾受熙豐官學培養的經歷有密切關係.二人學官進卷的寫作反映出熙豐學校體制的運行對士大夫社會文化産生了强有力的形塑作用,也標志着王安石"一道德而同風俗"的造士理想得到實踐.

After the reform led under the emperor Shen Zong(神宗)and the Chief Councilor Wang Anshi(王安石)during Xining(熙)and Yuanfeng(元豊)periods,the examination system for selecting preceptors in government schools(官)had been gradually improved,thus the submitting of the Essays for Applying for Preceptorships(學官進卷)became rather popular.The candidates mainly composed their essays by analyzing issues of current affairs as the decree of examination was passed in Yuanfeng.Writing of these essays was largely affected by the precipitous factionalism,and essays of Zhang Lei(張末)were submitted at the end of Yuanfeng and Hua Zhen at the end of Yuanyou(元祐),which were exactly in the tides of the political collision.Zhang Lei was an representative figure of the Old Party and Hua Zhen was a member of the New,but they both adopted the political language of reviving the Three Dynasties,establishing positive attitude towards the New Party's advocacy.The two groups of essays reflected the prominent remodelling of the spiritual culture of the literati,and indicated the fulfillment of Wang Anshi's political vision of"a single morality and an equivalent custom"