元代怯薛制发展演变探析

Analysis of the Evolution of the System of Kheshig in the Yuan Dynasty

怯薛是元代大汗的护卫军,相当于御林军,其成员一般被称为怯薛丹或怯薛歹。怯薛源于蒙古古老的“那可儿”。古代草原部落首领与“那可儿”之间既是主奴,也是朋友。铁木真在统一蒙古高原时,以“那可儿”为基础,从各级军官和自由民的子弟中选拔身体强壮、头脑灵活、具备一定技能的人才,正式组建怯薛军。元世祖忽必烈建立元朝大一统国家时进一步细化了怯薛制度,怯薛的职能也发生较大变化,不再局限于安保和征战,还要为皇帝处理内政、外交等各项事务。

Kheshig is the Khan’s guards in Yuan Dynasty, equivalent to the imperial guards, its members are generally known as Qiexuedan or Qiexuedai. The Kheshig originated from ancient "Nokur". Ancient prairie tribe chief and "Nokur" both is the relations of master and slave, also the friend relations. When Genghis Khan unified Mongolian plateau, he formally formed the Kheshig army on the basis of "Nokur",selecting talents with strong body, flexible mind and certain skills from among officers of all ranks and the children of the free people. When Kublai Khan established the unified state of the Yuan Dynasty, he further refined the system of Kheshig, whose functions were also greatly changed. It was no longer confined to security and war, but also dealt with the emperor’s internal affairs and foreign affairs.