晚年阿尔都塞对他的理论的反思与完善

Althusser’s Reflection and Revision on His Theory in His Later Years

阿尔都塞从捍卫马克思主义理论的科学性与如何正确地发挥马克思主义理论的意识形态职能这一目的出发,以“总问题”研究方法为基础,坚持“科学与意识形态对立论”的原则,认为马克思的思想发展过程存在着从信奉资产阶级人道主义理论总问题的意识形态时期到历史唯物主义理论总问题的科学时期的“认识论的断裂”,并由此提出马克思主义是“理论上的反人道主义、反历史主义”和“历史无主体论”的命题,在马克思主义研究界产生了广泛的影响和争论。围绕对他的“断裂论”“科学与意识形态的关系”“马克思主义与人道主义的关系”以及认为他的理论使用结构主义解释马克思主义的结果的质疑和批评,阿尔都塞在承认他犯了理论主义的错误和展开自我批评的同时,为他的命题作了辩护和进一步完善。准确理解他所提出的理论命题的内涵和他对其理论的进一步完善,对于我们深化和认识阿尔都塞唯科学论的马克思主义理论的实质与价值具有重要的意义。

In order to defend the scientific nature of Marxist theory and give proper play to the ideological function of Marxist theory, Althusser, based on research method of “general problem”, adheres to the principle that “science is antagonistic to ideology”. He believes that there is a “coupureépistémologique” in the development of Marx’s thought, that is, from the ideological period that believes in the bourgeois humanitarianism theory to the scientific period that believes in historical materialism theory. He thus argues that Marxism is the “theory of anti-humanitarianism and anti-historism” and “history without a subject”, which has a broad influence and stirs a debate among the Marxist research group. Around his “coupureépistémologique”, “the relationship between science and ideology”, “the relationship between Marxism and humanitarian”, and the criticism that his theory employs structuralism to explain the results of Marxism, Althusser admitted that he had made a theoretical mistake and began to criticize himself, and further defended and refined his proposition. The accurate understanding of the connotation of Althusser’s theoretical proposition and his revision of the theory is of great significance for us to gain insight into the essence and value of Althusser’s scientific Marxist theory.