全球科研人员流动整体格局及中国流动特征研究

Research on the overall pattern of global scientific research personnel mobility and the characteristics of China’s mobility

在当今全球科技竞争的态势下,科研人员作为一国科技发展的源动力,是国家占据科技产业制高点的关键。然而,少有研究从历史周期角度,以量化的方式对全球科研人员流动格局演变进行研究。本文利用1920-2020年Scopus数据库收录的所有期刊文献数据构建作者发文地址序列,借助这一序列量化探究全球百年间科研人员流动格局,并进一步从流动类型、流动科研人员所属学科分布等角度针对中国科研人员流动特征展开分析。研究发现,(1)参与流动的学科分布愈发多元化,参与全球科研人员流动的国家和人才规模越来越大,科技全球化的趋势在百年尺度下非常明显;(2)美国、英国、德国等科技发达的欧美国家始终是过去一百年间科研人员主要流动国,以日本、韩国为代表的东亚国家直至上世纪八十年代才进入主要科技流动国家序列,但美国始终是二战以来全球科技流动的中心;(3)中国科研人员流动自改革开放以来规模增速极快,并在21世纪以来成为全球科研人员流动的主要参与国之一。文章对全球科研人员整体流动格局的刻画也从侧面揭示了科技人才流动与国家科技实力和开放程度之间的强关联性,能更好帮助理解科研人员跨国流动规律,助力人才强国战略实施。

As the driving force of a country’s scientific and technological development,scientific researchers are the key to the country occupying the commanding heights of the science and technology industry in today’s global competition.However,few studies have quantitatively studied the evolution of global research personnel mobility from the perspective of longspan historical periods.This paper uses all the journal literature data collected in the Scopus database from 1920 to 2020to construct a sequence of authors’published addresses,and uses this sequence to quantitatively explore the global pattern of scientific research personnel mobility over the past century.Furthermore,analysis of the flow characteristics of scientific Chinese researchers.are analyzed from the perspectives of flow type and discipline distribution of researchers mobility.The study found that:(1)the distribution of disciplines participating in mobility is becoming more and more diverse,the scale of countries and talents participating in the mobility of global researchers is getting larger and larger,and the trend of scientific and technological globalization is very obvious in the century;(2)he United States,the United Kingdom,Germany and other European and American countries with advanced technology have always been the main countries for the flow of scientific researchers in the past 100 years.East Asian countries represented by Japan and South Korea did not enter the sequence of major technology flow countries until the 1980s,but the United States has always been the global leader since World War II.The center of scientific and technological flow since World War II;(3)China’s scientific research personnel flow has grown rapidly since the reform and opening up,and has become one of the major participating countries in the global scientific research personnel flow since the 21st century.The article’s characterization of the overall flow pattern of global scientific researchers also reveals the strong correlation between the flow of scientific and technological talents and the national scientific and technological strength and degree of openness,which can better help understand the law of cross-border flow of scientific researchers and help the implementation of the strategy of strengthening the country with talents.