期权契约机制下应急物资储备模型研究

The Model of Pre-positioning Relief Supplies under Option Contracts

大规模突发灾害发生后,救灾所需物资种类繁多、数量暴增,为了满足受灾人群对应急物资的巨大需求,国家积极践行应急物资储备社会化,发挥社会企业及其资源在物资储备供应上的优势,构建起政府储备和企业储备相结合的应急物资保障机制。然而,现有绝大多数研究都是假设政府与一家企业签订应急物资代储协议,对于如何将更多的企业纳入国家应急物资保障体系的研究甚少,导致现有的研究成果缺少适用性和拓展性。基于此,本研究引入期权契约到政府和多个异质型企业组成的应急物资供应链系统,构建了政企合作模式下基于期权契约的应急物资储备模型,给出了协调应急物资供应链系统、改善供应链成员成本收益的条件,得到了协调企业利润分配的柔性机制。研究表明,一定条件下期权契约机制下的应急物资储备模型缓解了国家储备的压力,在保证企业利润得到改善的同时实现了企业利润的合理分配,极大地提高了政府应急物资保障能力,同时也为强化政企合作关系、落实应急物资储备社会化提供了理论支撑与针对性的管理策略。

The recent sudden events and/or natural disasters are happening with increasing frequency around the whole world,such earthquakes,hurricanes,tsunamis andmajor epidemic diseases(COVID-19),etc.Those destructive sudden disasters not only increase the demand for relief supplies both on quantity and kinds,but also bring a tremendous threat to people’s health and life as well as their property.The demand for relief supplies both on quantity and types after the outbreak of sudden disasters dramatically increases.To satisfy the affected people’s huge demand for such supplies,the Chinese government has been advocating social policies in the pre-positioning of relief supplies,and hopes to build a relief supplies guarantee mechanism combining the enterprises’ reservation system and the government’s emergencywarehouses.From literature review,supply chain contracts are widely used in the solving the problem of pre-positioning relief supplies,such as option contract,quantity flexibility contract.However,the vast majority of the existing studies assume that the government signs an agreement with a single company on how many relief supplies to pre-position at pre-disaster.Their optimal decision strategies are analyzed under the one-to-one supply chain system.Few studies have been conducted concerning the relief supply chain consisting of the government and multiple suppliers.This leads to the lack of applicability and extensibility of the existing research.In real situations,there are a lot of firms that can store emergency supplies for the government.Therefore,how to integrate social enterprises and their resources into national relief supplies reservation system is the current key question that our government needs to solve.In addition,relief supplies can be pre-positioned not only in the form of reserve material,but also in the form of production capacity,such as pre-positioning raw material,and/or semi-manufactured goods.If no sudden disaster happens or the actual demand for relief supplies is very small,the enterprises will face relatively low business risks.If the actual demand for relief supplies is huge,the enterprises will urgently transform the prepared production capacity to produce real supplies.This assumption is adopted,and option contracts are introduced into the relief supply chain which includes the government and multiple enterprises.The model of pre-positioning relief supplies under option contracts is established.After derivation,there are several key findings associated with our study.First,the optimal decision schemes of the government and multiple suppliers on pre-positioning relief supplies are attained.Second,the conditions that the relief supply chain can be coordinated,each member’s profit(cost) in the chain can be improved are also provided.Moreover,it proves that the proposed model is superior to the government single pre-positioning model,because it can effectively improve the sum of relief supplies,and reduce the government’s inventory risk.Finally,the flexible mechanism is presented for coordinating each enterprise’s profit allocation.Combining with a numerical example and sensitivity analysis,some significant managerial insights are put forward.(1) The model of pre-positioning relief supplies under option contracts is appropriate for pre-disaster preparedness for durable,universal types of relief supplies,such as tents,quilts,folding bed,which can greatly alleviate the pressure of national relief supplies reservation system.(2) The government as the leader of option contracts needs to pay more attention on the rate of the government regular purchasing from each enterprise and the scope of the option execution price,which should be neither too small nor too big.If not,one of the enterprise may get hurt and then have no desire to pre-position relief supplies.(3) The enterprise ability of converting prepared production capacity to produce real supplies should be improved,which is an important measure that can encourage more enterprises to join into national relief supplies reservation system.The research findings provide theoretical support and practical guidance for pre-positioning relief supplies at pre-disaster,determining contracts parameters,and coordinating the relationship between enterprises.