新疆哈密拉甫却克墓地人的颅面部测量学特征

Craniofacial features of people in the Lafuqueke cemetery, Hami, Xinjiang

新疆地处欧亚大陆东西方交汇处,公元前200年以后的人群迁徙、融合历程能够反映丝绸之路沿线地区不同族群的形成历史和多元文化的互动模式。拉甫却克墓地是东疆哈密地区首次发掘的历史时期墓葬群。本文基于该墓地10例成年人颅面部测量数据,采用多元统计及生物距离的方法来评估拉甫却克墓地的人群结构,并对哈密绿洲地带青铜时代晚期到历史时期的人群变迁进行初步探索。结果显示:1)拉甫却克人群呈现出明显的异质性,既有与欧亚大陆东部人群颅面部特征相近的个体,也有表现出东西方混合特征的个体;2)青铜时代晚期至早期铁器时代(公元前2000年至公元前1000年),哈密人群在体质特征上存在连续性;而早期铁器时代到历史时期(公元前1000年以后),随着欧亚大陆东部人群遗传贡献的增加,哈密人群体质特征发生明显变化。结合考古证据和历史记录,新的人骨标本让我们对哈密历史时期的人群迁徙和融合有了初步认识,也使后续可以针对这一问题展开更详细的多学科研究。

The Xinjiang region is a key crossroads between Europe and Asia,having been an important area of cultural and population exchange between East and West for thousands of years.Its history of population migration during the historical period(after 200 BC) reflects interactive patterns of different ethnic groups and cultures along the ancient Silk Road.The Lafuqueke is the first cemetery of the historical period excavated in the Hami Basin.Based on craniometric data of 10 adults from this site,this study applied multivariate statistics and biological distance to assess the population structure and to make a preliminary exploration of population history of the Hami oasis from the Late Bronze Age to the historical period.Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to analyze origins and affinities of the Lafuqueke population and 28 ancient populations from surrounding areas.The Squared Mahalanobis distance and nonparametric multivariate analysis of variance were applied to assess differences in the craniofacial morphology of Late Bronze Age-earlier Iron Age-historical period populations in the Hami Basin,in order to determine population continuity/discontinuity.The results are as follows.Craniometric analysis of the Lafuqueke population reveals intra-population heterogeneity.Two individuals from the mid-7thto late-mid 8thcenturies have close affinities with eastern Eurasian populations.Considering burial features and burial objects,cultures and populations from the Tang Dynasty had a great influence on Hami during this period.After the 10thcentury,the Hami Basin was incorporated into the cultural system of the Gaochang Uygur Kingdom.However,the population structure of this region remained diverse,including individuals with similar craniometric features to those of eastern Eurasia and individuals with a mixture of eastern and western features.Craniofacial measurements of populations from the Late Bronze to early Iron Age(2000 BC-1000 BC) in the Hami show continuity indicating that the main population did not change.From the Early Iron Age to the historical period,however,a significant change occurred showing increased genetic contributions of populations from eastern Eurasia.Combined with archaeological findings and historical records,the new skeletal samples provide a preliminary understanding of population migration and integration during the historical period of the Hami oasis and allow for more detailed multidisciplinary research of this issue.