Ground–Space–Sky Observing System Experiment during Tropical Cyclone Mulan in August 2022

Forecasting tropical cyclone track and intensity is a great challenge for the meteorological community,and safeguarding the life and property of people living near the coast is an important issue.One major reason for challenging forecasts is the lack of observations over the vast oceans.During tropical cyclone Mulan between 8 and 10 August 2022 over the northern part of the South China Sea,the meteorological authority and research institutes of Chinese mainland collaborated with the meteorological service in Hong Kong on conducting the first-ever ground–space–sky observing system experiment on tropical cyclone Mulan.The enhanced targeted observations collected during the experiment include Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder,round-trip radiosondes,and aircraft-launched dropsondes.This paper describes the campaign,technical details of the meteorological models used,and impact of the additional targeted observation data on the tropical cyclone forecast.Ideally,similar enhanced observation campaigns could be conducted in the future,not only in the northern part of the South China Sea,but also in other ocean basins.