党争之源与治理之道——苏格兰启蒙学者的派别理论探析

The Source of Party Contention and the Way of Governance——An Analysis of the Factional Theories of Scottish Enlightenment Scholars

党派之争是苏格兰启蒙运动社会政治研究领域颇受关注的问题之一。有别于西方早期和近代政治思想家的党派理论,休谟、斯密、弗格森等苏格兰启蒙学者的派别思想不仅结合文明发展阶段论和商业社会的历史语境,而且运用人性科学的方法深入探究派系现象产生的根源,指出党派竞争对自由政体维存的必要性,因而呈现其启蒙特质和现代视野。在苏格兰启蒙学者看来,治理党争的关键是要在限制纯粹的派别争斗与提供健康的竞争环境之间取得平衡。他们一方面倡导采取启蒙教化的手段化解派系间的极端成见,一方面主张通过市场调节和制度设置等手段以转化和引导党派竞争而使之服务于公共福祉。

The dispute between parties is one of the issues that have attracted considerable attention in the field of social and political research of the Scottish Enlightenment.Different from the party theory of the early and modern political thinkers in the West,the school thought of the Scottish enlightenment scholars such as Hume,Smith,Ferguson not only combines the theory of the stage of civilization development and the historical context of the commercial society,but also uses the method of human nature science to deeply explore the root of the school phenomenon,and points out the necessity of party competition for the maintenance of a free regime,thus presenting its enlightenment characteristics and modern vision.In the view of Scottish enlightenment scholars,the key to governing party strife is to strike a balance between limiting pure factional strife and providing a healthy competitive environment.On the one hand,they advocated to adopt the means of enlightenment and enlightenment to resolve the extreme prejudice among factions,on the other hand,they advocated to transform and guide the party competition through market regulation and institutional setting and other means to serve the public welfare.