河南洛阳朱仓东汉陵园遗址出土空心砖相关研究

Research on the Hollow Bricks Unearthed from Zhucang Eastern Han Cemetery in Luoyang,Henan

近年来在河南省洛阳市朱仓M722、M707两座东汉陵园遗址内发现东汉空心砖的使用。按用途分为两类:一是用作夯土台基回廊的拦边砖,二是用作台基阶道的踏步砖。纹饰多分布于第一类砖的两个正面和第二类砖的正面、长侧面等四个面。每个面的纹饰均由长方形、菱形、圆形三类不同纹样组合而成。长方形纹样有龙纹、虎纹、鹿纹、璧带纹等,菱形纹样有鹿纹、龟纹、柿蒂纹、五铢钱纹、勾云纹、乳钉纹等,圆形纹样有连珠纹、同心圆纹等。纹饰复原,可区分拦边砖2型、踏步砖4型,两种砖的纹样组合具有一定的规律性。该遗址空心砖很可能直接来自附近的新庄汉代窑址,其砖面纹饰的布局风格与西汉长安宫殿建筑、陵园遗址所见空心砖相似,具体到纹样图案的装饰题材则源自洛阳本地。发现表明空心砖作为大型建筑基址的装饰性建筑材料在秦汉时期一直延续,扩展了对空心砖用途与使用年代的认识。

Hollow bricks of the Eastern Han dynasty have been unearthed in the two cemeteries M722 and M707 in Zhucang Village of Luoyang City,Henan.Two types can be identified according to the purposes:one is the edge-blocking brick of the corridor of the rammed earth foundation,and the other is the stepping brick of the sidewalk of a high building.Decorative patterns are rectangles,rhombuses,or circles,mostly distributed on the two front faces of the first type and the two front faces and two long sides of the second type.Rectangular patterns include dragon,tiger,deer,and jade band patterns,etc.,rhombus patterns include deer,turtle,persimmon pedicle,five baht money,hook cloud,and nipple nail patterns,etc.,and circular patterns include continuous pearls,and concentric circles patterns,etc.The decoration is restored and categorized into six types,two for edge bricks and four for step brick.The pattern combination of the two kinds of bricks has certain regularity.The hollow bricks are likely to originate directly from the nearby Xinzhuang kiln of the Han dynasty.The layout style of the brick surface decoration is similar to that of the hollow bricks seen in the Chang’an palace architecture and cemetery of the Western Han dynasty.The decorative theme is sourced locally in Luoyang.The findings show that the use of hollow bricks as decorative building materials continued in the Qin and Han Dynasties,which expands the understanding of the use and date of hollow bricks.