从明清《实录》凡例的比较看“清更明制”——以章奏载录差异为中心

Researching the“Qing Dynasty Change Ming System”Phenomenon by Comparing the Ming Shi Lu and Qing Shi Lu:Focusing on the Difference of Memorial Recording between Them

《明实录》与《清实录》均为朝廷编纂的大型官方史书,凡例是指导其修纂的纲领性文件。《明例》与《清例》既有相同之处,又有差异之点。从相同处看,明清《实录》的凡例在内容、结构、主题上存在承继关系,这既是“清承明制”的体现,更是中华文明延续性的表征。而从差异处看,《明例》与《清例》之间最大的差异,是《明例》规定的章奏载录范围大于《清例》,这反映了明清两朝对臣下建言、弹劾的不同态度。相较于两者的共同之处,《清例》与《明例》的差异及其背后的“清更明制”更应为学者所关注。

Both Ming Shi Lu and Qing Shi Lu are large-scale official history books compiled by the imperial court,and writing guides of them are programmatic documents to guide their compilation.There are both some similarities and differences between writing guide of Ming Shi Lu and Qing Shi Lu.As for similarities,there is a succession relationship in the content,structure and theme of writing guides of Ming Shi Lu and Qing Shi Lu,which is not only the embodiment of“Qing Dynasty inherit Ming system”,but also the symbol of the continuity of Chinese civilization.As for differences,the most important difference between writing guide of Ming Shi Lu and Qing Shi Lu is that the scope of memorial recording stipulated in writing guide of Ming Shi Lu is larger than that of Qing Shi Lu,which reflect the different attitude of Ming and Qing dynasties towards advice and impeachment from courtiers.Compared to similarities,scholars should pay more attention to differences between writing guide of Ming Shi Lu and Qing Shi Lu,as well as the phenomenon of“Qing dynasty change Ming system”they reflect.