“组织-贸易”视角下全球能源治理网络的基本结构及其边界重构

The structure and boundary reconstruction of the global energy governance network:A perspective of international organizations and trade

全球能源治理是当前能源话语权塑造的重要形式,其本质是能源利益主体间围绕多元能源议题而构建的关系网络。在以往相关研究中,各能源组织的架构、功能、绩效以及所产生的复杂影响占据了主要内容,而对于全球能源治理的整体结构以及内部关系却未能有进一步探索。本研究认为,能源组织与实际贸易存在交互关系,将二者相结合来进一步呈现和解释全球能源治理架构是有必要的。基于此,本研究以2019年为时间节点,收集主要能源组织的属性数据与各国之间的石油和天然气贸易数据,将国家间在能源治理组织的常态化合作关系与实际发生的能源贸易关系作为分析基础;并利用社会网络分析方法构建全球能源治理网络,探析其基本结构以及出现的“边界重构”现象。研究发现:①能源组织网络与能源贸易网络存在显著的结构性差异,在两种网络对比中,美国与俄罗斯均占据主导地位。②中国已经成为能源贸易大国,但在全球能源组织合作中不具优势,与传统能源利益集团之间缺乏正式的治理合作。③全球能源治理体系呈现出典型的“核心-边缘”结构,主要被划分为欧盟以及亚太-北美“社区”,其中OECD(经济合作与发展组织)国家占据“核心”地位;而以单一能源输出为主导功能的出口国(东盟与中东)则相对“边缘”。④全球能源治理网络的边界重构集中表现为能源治理全球化与区域化并存下的“尺度嵌套”关系,这与已有研究中对“碎片化”或“统一化”的判断存在显著差异;全球化表现为全球性治理平台通过建立和强化“生产-消费”主体间的对话来打破固有的利益边界,而区域化则反映了主要区域已经形成了内部相互依赖的治理集团。通过该研究,能够进一步明晰现有常规能源视角下全球能源治理体系内部主要国家间的关系,为未来进一步探索全球能源治理体系提供可借鉴的思路。

Global energy governance is an important form of shaping energy discourse,and its essence is a network of relationships among energy stakeholders around diversified energy issues.In previous studies,the structure,functions,performance,and complex impacts of various energy organizations have dominated,while the overall structure and internal relationships of global energy governance have not been further explored.This study argues that there is an interactive relationship between energy organizations and actual trade,and it is necessary to combine the two relationships to further present and explain the global energy governance structure.This study uses the relationship between countries in energy organizations and energy trade to construct a global energy governance network and to explore its basic structure and its trend of"boundary reconstruction".The study found that:(1)There are significant structural differences between energy organization networks and energy trade networks,with the US and Russia dominating both networks.(2)China has become a major energy trading nation but is weak in the global energy organization cooperation system and lacks formal governance cooperation with traditional energy interests.(3)The global energy governance system has a typical"Core-Fringe"structure and is divided into the EU,AsiaPacific and North America,with OECD countries occupying the core and net energy exporters(ASEAN and the Middle East)on the periphery.(4)The"boundary reconstruction"focuses on the"nested scales"in the coexistence of globalization and regionalization of energy governance.This is a significant difference from the"fragmentation"or"unification"that has been judged in studies.Globalization provides a platform for global governance and breaks the inherent boundaries of interest between the main bodies of production and consumption,while regionalization reflects that the main regions have formed internal interdependent groups.This study can further clarify the relationship among major countries within the global energy governance system and provide ideas for further exploration of the global energy governance system in the future.