防洪、水运、环境与水利社会:明清淮扬地区基层水利纷争的个案研究

Flood Control,Water Transportation,Environment and Hydraulic Society:Disputes over Water Conservancy in Huaiyang Region in Ming and Qing

石[石達]、天妃、丁溪、草堰闸的纷争分为明中后期、清前中期、清后期三个阶段。明中后期,由于国家对各闸的控制较弱,纷争的参与者以及协商者主要是地方政府、堤西农业区域的农民与堤东盐场区域的盐商、灶民。清前中期,国家逐渐掌握了对各闸的控制权,纷争由河督、省级政府以及盐政等政府部门之间协商解决。清后期,国家逐渐淡出对各闸的管理,各闸的维护以及纷争由地方政府与社会主导。牙桥坝的开塞之争,明中后期至清初主要发生在东台盐场与如皋县地方政府、社会之间,乾隆中牙桥坝闭后,盐商、灶民、农民联合起来,维护利益相关的水利工程。淮扬地区水环境的脆弱性与变化的剧烈性、国家对水利干预的程度以及淮南食盐产地的背景,是塑造该区域基层水利社会特性的核心要素。

Dividing disputes into three consecutive stages,the present paper delineates them and analyzes the role that the state and local society played in controlling water resource facilities.It concludes that the fragility of water environment in Huaiyang,drastic social changes,the state’s intervention and the production of salt in this region were core elements of the local hydraulic society.