历史的内在动力——实践困境与农业合作化进程的再思考(1951—1956)

Intrinsic Motivation of History:Rethinking Practical Dilemmas and Agricultural cooperation

20世纪50年代的中国农业合作化,五年间经历了从互助组到初级社再到高级社的多种形式转变。不同阶段的互助合作形式虽有差异,但以记工评分为表现的管理之困和分配之争,是始终存在的难题。从互助合作的实践进程看,每次形式之变,都有解决既存难题的考虑,但形式的升级又都未能彻底解决问题,以致记工评分成为集体化时代困扰农业生产经营管理的持续性难题。不过在基层实践中,持续存在的管理困境和分配难题成为推动合作化形式不断升级的内在动力,这是乡村在社会主义方向难以逆转情势下逐步走向合作化的重要原因。只是管理困境和分配难题的持续存在表明,形式升级并不能解决集体化体制存在的实践困境,这种困境最终也成为集体化体制走向解体的内在力量。

The present paper says,in five years,the agricultural cooperation in the 1950s China proceeded from the mutual aid group to the elementary co-op group and to the senior co-op group. Despite these changes,there were always problems about management and distribution in the agricultural cooperation. The paper contends the reason of these problems might lie in the scoring system. It was in these difficulties that there was the intrinsic motivation simultaneously promoting the cooperation and deconstructing the collective system.