论商代简册文书的分类——以甲骨文考察为中心

On the Classification of the Documents of Bamboo Slips in the Shang Dynasty: Centered on the Investigation of the Oracle Bone Inscriptions

简册文书是中国很早就有的档案文书形态。商代有简册文书,在甲骨文中有比传世文献更多的记载。从甲骨文的“册”字及部分从“册”之字的字形可以看出,商代的简册文书按照等级的高低,可以分为“册”“典”两类。册为普通简册,典为地位较高的大册。这些册、典文书首先用于祭祀,其次用于军事。由于册更普通,所以无论在祭祀上还是军事上,用册的情况都更多见。典则用于较高等级的祭祀和比较重要的军事活动。可知册、典使用的场合和使用的习惯用语都有区别。因而从字形和使用两方面看,商代简册划分为册、典两类是合理的,同时也与传世文献的部分记载相合。其中祭祀中所见旧册的使用,更为商代曾将简册作为档案文书保存提供了确切的证据。综合来看,商代是一个大量使用册、典文书的朝代。

The document of bamboo slips is a form of archive document that existed in China very early.There were documents of bamboo slips in the Shang Dynasty,which have more records in Oracle Bone Inscriptions than handed down documents.From the shape of Ce(册)and parts of the characters shaped by Ce(册)of Oracle Bone Inscriptions,it can be seen that the documents of bamboo slips in the Shang Dynasty can be divided into two categories:Ce(册)and Dian(典)according to their level.The Ces(册)are ordinary documents of bamboo slips,and the Dians(典)are large documents of bamboo slips with high status.These Ces(册)and Dians(典)were first used for sacrifice and then for military affairs.Because the Ce(册)is more common,the use of the Ce(册)is more common both in sacrifice and military affairs.The Dian(典)is used for higher-level sacrifice and more important military activities.It can be seen that there are all dfferences in the occasions and the language habit while they are used.Therefore,from the two aspects of character shape and use,it is reasonable to divide the documents of bamboo slips in the Shang Dynasty into Ce(册)and Dian(典),and it is also consistent with some records of handed down documents.Among them,the use of the old bamboo slips seen in the sacrifices provides definite evidence that the bamboo slips were preserved as archives in the Shang Dynasty.On the whole,the Shang Dynasty was a dynasty that used a lot of Ce(册)and Dian(典).