中国梯田撂荒程度及空间格局分异研究

The extent and spatial distribution of terrace abandonment in China

在城镇化和工业化的驱动下,中国丘陵山区耕地逐渐被边际化,耕地撂荒范围也迅速从劣质的坡耕地延展至优质的梯田,大规模梯田撂荒将会引发一系列社会和生态效应,科学评估中国山区梯田的撂荒程度及空间分布将有助于有效地应对耕地撂荒问题。本文通过全国抽样调查的方式对中国梯田的撂荒程度进行了调查,利用获取的中国329个县的560份村问卷测算了中国梯田撂荒规模,并进一步分析了梯田撂荒空间分异特征及驱动因素。结果显示:①全国梯田撂荒现象分布广泛,发生梯田撂荒的村庄占总调查村庄的比例为54%,撂荒面积占梯田总面积的比例达到9.79%;②梯田撂荒程度呈现“南高北低”的特征,南方丘陵山区较为严重,尤以长江中下游地区为最;③梯田撂荒的主要因素可归结为农业劳动力外出务工、梯田耕作机械化程度、灌溉条件、耕作交通条件等。减缓梯田撂荒,应因区精准施策,提高梯田区机械化水平等措施具有普适性,针对质量较差的梯田,可有序“退耕”,对于质量较好的梯田,可采用调整种植结构、加强农业基础设施建设、鼓励流转与规模经营等方式。

With urbanization and industrialization,cultivated land in hilly regions of China has been gradually marginalized.Abandoned cultivated lands have ranged from inferior sloping land and extended to high-quality terraces.The abandonment of terraces will lead to a series of social and ecological problems,especially with large-scale abandonment.Therefore,the degree and spatial distribution of terrace abandonment should be evaluated scientifically to address the issue of abandonment as well as its effects.This study investigated the extent of terrace abandonment in China via a questionnaire sampling method.Based on 560 village questionnaires from 329 counties in China,the scale of terrace abandonment was calculated and the spatial heterogeneity characteristics and primary reasons for terrace abandonment were further analyzed.Study results showed that:(1)The phenomenon of terrace abandonment was observed throughout China,occurring in 54%of all the villages investigated;9.79%of the total terraced areas have been abandoned.(2)The degree of terrace abandonment showed a spatial pattern of"high in the south and low in the north".The degree of terrace abandonment was higher in the southern hilly mountains,and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River was the most serious.(3)The primary factors related to terrace abandonment were found to be labor migration,the degree to which terraces have been mechanized,irrigation conditions,and farming traffic conditions.Measures that include improving the degree of terrace mechanization should be enacted to address the problem of terrace abandonment.An orderly"conversion of cropland"could be applied to poor-quality terraces.Changing the planting structure,strengthening new agricultural infrastructure,and encouraging circulation and large-scale operations are options that could be applied to good-quality terraces.