陈列帝国:汉上林苑的博物空间及其方术、政治理想

The Empire in Display:The Natural History Space of Shanglin Garden of Han and Its Necromancy and Political Ideal

建元三年,汉武帝对上林苑进行扩建,改变了此前王家苑囿就地围以周垣的传统做法,表现出物种多元性追求。苑内物种虽各有实际用途,但亦有陈列以供欣赏的展示功能。因此,上林苑虽为满足帝王游猎兴趣而设,但亦可视为展示自然的博物空间。苑内异域珍稀物种被突出强调,并依宇宙及地理秩序进行布局,形塑出“微缩天下”的视觉效果。台观、复道、异物的排列组合以及昆明池等象天景观的营建,又使上林苑模拟了仙界,被建构成可招致神物的方术空间。皇帝于苑中狩猎及接待外宾,接触并征服苑内具有政治象征意义的物种,是帝国实力的一种展演。上林苑将物种陈列、求仙实践与帝国统治紧密结合在一起,是一座隐含权力与信仰的意识形态景观。

Emperor Hanwu expanded Shanglin Garden in the third year of Jianyuan,which showed the pursuit of diversity of species.Although the species in the garden had practical uses,they also had a display function.Therefore,despite being designed to satisfy the hunting interest of emperors,Shanglin Garden could also be regarded as a natural history space.The species in the garden were laid out in accordance with the universe and geographical order,which constituted a“miniature world”.The arrangement of Taiguan(台观),Fudao(复道)and Kunming Pond(昆明池)made Shanglin Garden a simulation of the fairyland,and it was also constructed as a necromancy space that could attract gods.The emperor hunted and received foreign guests in the garden,and conquered species in the garden with politically symbolic significance,which was an exhibition of the strength of the empire.In general,Shanglin Garden was an ideological landscape which integrated species display,alchemy,and imperial rule.