督练公所与清末军事改革中的风险应对

The Head Staff Office and the Risk Response in the Military Reform of the Late Qing Dynasty

在清末军事改革过程中,全国各地时常爆发军界冲突、军民冲突、军警冲突和新军革命等风险事件,加剧了当时的军界危机和社会危机。作为新设立的省级军事总机关,各省督练公所成为地方应对清末军事改革风险事件的主体机构,负责事前防范、应急处置、善后处理等工作。尽管督练公所在事前、事中、事后的应对措施大体能够控制局势、平息事态,但仍存在风险意识淡漠、防范措施不周、应急预案缺乏、善后工作不到位等问题。清末军事改革风险事件频繁、普遍、反复地发生,反映了各省督练公所应对措施的局限,更折射出清朝地方政府军事管理能力和水平的低效。面对席卷全国的辛亥革命,各省督练公所未能发挥应有的作用,无法、无力挽救清王朝覆灭的命运。

In the process of military reform in the late Qing dynasty,risk events such as military conflicts,military-civil conflicts,military-police conflicts and new army uprisings often occurred at the local level,which exacerbated the military and social crises of the time.As a newly established provincial military headquarter,the Head Staff Office had become the main body to deal with the risk events in the military reform of the late Qing dynasty.It was in charge of prevention in advance,emergency treatment and aftercare.Although before,during and after the event,the measures taken by the Head Staff Office could generally control and calm down the situation,there were still some problems,such as lack of risk awareness,inadequate preventive measures,lack of emergency plans and insufficient aftercare work.The risk events in the military reform of the late Qing dynasty occurred frequently and universally,which reflected the limitation of the coping measures of the Head Staff Office and its low efficiency in military management.Facing the Revolution of 1911,the Head Staff Office failed to play its due role and was unable to reverse the fate of collapse of the Qing dynasty.